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plc外文文献译文
Programmablelogiccontroller
Aprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)orprogrammablecontrollerisadigitalcomputerusedforautomationofelectromechanicalprocesses,suchascontrolofmachineryonfactoryassemblylines,amusementrides,orlightingfixtures.PLCsareusedinmanyindustriesandmachines.Unlikegeneral-purposecomputers,thePLCisdesignedformultipleinputsandoutputarrangements,extendedtemperatureranges,immunitytoelectricalnoise,andresistancetovibrationandimpact.Programstocontrolmachineoperationaretypicallystoredinbattery-backedornon-volatilememory.APLCisanexampleofarealtimesystemsinceoutputresultsmustbeproducedinresponsetoinputconditionswithinaboundedtime,otherwiseunintendedoperationwillresult.
1.History
ThePLCwasinventedinresponsetotheneedsoftheAmericanautomotivemanufacturingindustry.Programmablelogiccontrollerswereinitiallyadoptedbytheautomotiveindustrywheresoftwarerevisionreplacedthere-wiringofhard-wiredcontrolpanelswhenproductionmodelschanged.
BeforethePLC,control,sequencing,andsafetyinterlocklogicformanufacturingautomobileswasaccomplishedusinghundredsorthousandsofrelays,camtimers,anddrumsequencersanddedicatedclosed-loopcontrollers.Theprocessforupdatingsuchfacilitiesfortheyearlymodelchange-overwasverytimeconsumingandexpensive,aselectriciansneededtoindividuallyrewireeachandeveryrelay.
In1968GMHydramatic(theautomatictransmissiondivisionofGeneralMotors)issuedarequestforproposalforanelectronicreplacementforhard-wiredrelaysystems.ThewinningproposalcamefromBedfordAssociatesofBedford,Massachusetts.ThefirstPLC,designatedthe084becauseitwasBedfordAssociates'eighty-fourthproject,wastheresult.BedfordAssociatesstartedanewcompanydedicatedtodeveloping,manufacturing,selling,andservicingthisnewproduct:
Modicon,whichstoodforMOdularDIgitalCONtroller.OneofthepeoplewhoworkedonthatprojectwasDickMorley,whoisconsideredtobethe"father"ofthePLC.TheModiconbrandwassoldin1977toGouldElectronics,andlateracquiredbyGermanCompanyAEGandthenbyFrenchSchneiderElectric,thecurrentowner.
Oneoftheveryfirst084modelsbuiltisnowondisplayatModicon'sheadquartersinNorthAndover,Massachusetts.ItwaspresentedtoModiconbyGM,whentheunitwasretiredafternearlytwentyyearsofuninterruptedservice.Modiconusedthe84monikerattheendofitsproductrangeuntilthe984madeitsappearance.
TheautomotiveindustryisstilloneofthelargestusersofPLCs.
2.Development
EarlyPLCsweredesignedtoreplacerelaylogicsystems.ThesePLCswereprogrammedin"ladderlogic",whichstronglyresemblesaschematicdiagramofrelaylogic.Thisprogramnotationwaschosentoreducetrainingdemandsfortheexistingtechnicians.OtherearlyPLCsusedaformofinstructionlistprogramming,basedonastack-basedlogicsolver.
ModernPLCscanbeprogrammedinavarietyofways,fromladderlogictomoretraditionalprogramminglanguagessuchasBASICandC.AnothermethodisStateLogic,averyhigh-levelprogramminglanguagedesignedtoprogramPLCsbasedonstatetransitiondiagrams.
ManyearlyPLCsdidnothaveaccompanyingprogrammingterminalsthatwerecapableofgraphicalrepresentationofthelogic,andsothelogicwasinsteadrepresentedasaseriesoflogicexpressionsinsomeversionofBooleanformat,similartoBooleanalgebra.Asprogrammingterminalsevolved,itbecamemorecommonforladderlogictobeused,fortheaforementionedreasons.NewerformatssuchasStateLogicandFunctionBlock(whichissimilartothewaylogicisdepictedwhenusingdigitalintegratedlogiccircuits)exist,buttheyarestillnotaspopularasladderlogic.AprimaryreasonforthisisthatPLCssolvethelogicinapredictableandrepeatingsequence,andladderlogicallowstheprogrammer(thepersonwritingthelogic)toseeanyissueswiththetimingofthelogicsequencemoreeasilythanwouldbepossibleinotherformats.
2.1Programming
EarlyPLCs,uptothemid-1980s,wereprogrammedusingproprietaryprogrammingpanelsorspecial-purposeprogrammingterminals,whichoftenhaddedicatedfunctionkeysrepresentingthevariouslogicalelementsofPLCprograms.Programswerestoredoncassettetapecartridges.Facilitiesforprintinganddocumentationwereveryminimalduetolackofmemorycapacity.TheveryoldestPLCsusednon-volatilemagneticcorememory.
Morerecently,PLCsareprogrammedusingapplicationsoftwareonpersonalcomputers.ThecomputerisconnectedtothePLCthroughEthernet,RS-232,RS-485orRS-422cabling.Theprogrammingsoftwareallowsentryandeditingoftheladder-stylelogic.GenerallythesoftwareprovidesfunctionsfordebuggingandtroubleshootingthePLCsoftware,forexample,byhighlightingportionsofthelogictoshowcurrentstatusduringoperationorviasimulation.ThesoftwarewilluploadanddownloadthePLCprogram,forbackupandrestorationpurposes.Insomemodelsofprogrammablecontroller,theprogramistransferredfromapersonalcomputertothePLCthoughaprogrammingboardwhichwritestheprogramintoaremovablechipsuchasanEEPROMorEPROM.
3.Functionality
ThefunctionalityofthePLChasevolvedovertheyearstoincludesequentialrelaycontrol,motioncontrol,processcontrol,distributedcontrolsystemsandnetworking.Thedatahandling,storage,processingpowerandcommunicationcapabilitiesofsomemodernPLCsareapproximatelyequivalenttodesktopcomputers.PLC-likeprogrammingcombinedwithremoteI/Ohardware,allowageneral-purposedesktopcomputertooverlapsomePLCsincertainapplications.Regardingthepracticalityofthesedesktopcomputerbasedlogiccontrollers,itisimportanttonotethattheyhavenotbeengenerallyacceptedinheavyindustrybecausethedesktopcomputersrunonlessstableoperatingsystemsthandoPLCs,andbecausethedesktopcomputerhardwareistypicallynotdesignedtothesamelevelsoftolerancetotemperature,humidity,vibration,andlongevityastheprocessorsusedinPLCs.Inadditiontothehardwarelimitationsofdesktopbasedlogic,operatingsystemssuchasWindowsdonotlendthemselvestodeterministiclogicexecution,withtheresultthatthelogicmaynotalwaysrespondtochangesinlogicstateorinputstatuswiththeextremeconsistencyintimingasisexpectedfromPLCs.Still,suchdesktoplogicapplicationsfinduseinlesscriticalsituations,suchaslaboratoryautomationanduseinsmallfacilitieswheretheapplicationislessdemandingandcritical,becausetheyaregenerallymuchlessexpensivethanPLCs.
Inmorerecentyears,smallproductscalledPLRs(programmablelogicrelays),andalsobysimilarnames,havebecomemorecommonandaccepted.TheseareverymuchlikePLCs,andareusedinlightindustrywhereonlyafewpointsofI/O(i.e.afewsignalscominginfromtherealworldandafewgoingout)areinvolved,andlowcostisdesired.Thesesmalldevicesaretypicallymadeinacommonphysicalsizeandshapebyseveralmanufacturers,andbrandedbythemakersoflargerPLCstofillouttheirlowendproductrange.PopularnamesincludePICOController,NANOPLC,andothernamesimplyingverysmallcontrollers.Mostofthesehavebetween8and12digitalinputs,4and8digitaloutputs,andupto2analoginputs.Sizeisusuallyabout4"wide,3"high,and3"deep.MostsuchdevicesincludeatinypostagestampsizedLCDscreenforviewingsimplifiedladderlogic(onlyaverysmallportionoftheprogrambeingvisibleatagiventime)andstatusofI/Opoints,andtypicallythesescreensareaccompaniedbya4-wayrockerpush-buttonplusfourmoreseparatepush-buttons,similartothekeybuttonsonaVCRremotecontrol,andusedtonavigateandeditthelogic.MosthaveasmallplugforconnectingviaRS-232orRS-485toapersonalcomputersothatprogrammerscanusesimpleWindowsapplicationsforprogramminginsteadofbeingforcedtousethetinyLCDandpush-buttonsetforthispurpose.UnlikeregularPLCsthatareusuallymodularandgreatlyexpandable,thePLRsareusuallynotmodularorexpandable,buttheirpricecanbetwoordersofmagnitudelessthanaPLCandtheystillofferrobustdesignanddeterministicexecutionofthelogic.
4.PLCTopics
4.1.Features
ThemaindifferencefromothercomputersisthatPLCsarearmoredforsevereconditions(suchasdust,moisture,heat,cold)andhavethefacilityforextensiveinput/output(I/O)arrangements.TheseconnectthePLCtosensorsandactuators.PLCsreadlimitswitches,analogprocessvariables(suchastemperatureandpressure),andthepositionsofcomplexpositioningsystems.Someusemachinevision.Ontheactuatorside,PLCsoperateelectricmotors,pneumaticorhydrauliccylinders,magneticrelays,solenoids,oranalogoutputs.Theinput/outputarrangementsmaybebuiltintoasimplePLC,orthePLCmayhaveexternalI/OmodulesattachedtoacomputernetworkthatplugsintothePLC.
4.2Systemscale
AsmallPLCwillhaveafixednumberofconnectionsbuiltinforinputsandoutputs.Typically,expansionsareavailableifthebasemodelhasinsufficientI/O.
ModularPLCshaveachassis(alsocalledarack)intowhichareplacedmoduleswithdifferentfunctions.TheprocessorandselectionofI/Omodulesiscustomisedfortheparticularapplication.Severalrackscanbeadministeredbyasingleprocessor,andmayhavethousandsofinputsandoutputs.AspecialhighspeedserialI/Olinkisusedsothatrackscanbedistributedawayfromtheprocessor,reducingthewiringcostsforlargeplants.
4.3Userinterface
PLCsmayneedtointeractwithpeopleforthepurposeofconfiguration,alarmre