期末复习Word文件下载.docx
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Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword..Itisanabstractionfromthingsofthesamekind.Awordactsasthesymbolforaconcept.
（4）classificationofwords
criteriaofclassification:
1.usefrequency:
basicword&
non-basicword
2.notion:
contentword&
functionalword
3.origin:
nativeword&
borrowedword
（5）Characteristicsofbasicwords:
allnationalcharacter;
stability;
productivity;
polysemy;
collocability
（6）nativewordsandborrowedwords:
Nativewords/Anglo-SaxonwordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermanictribes:
theAngles,theSaxons,theJutes.
Borrowedwords/loanwords/borrowingsarewordstakenfromotherlanguages.
（7）Classificationofborrowings;
1.bythedegreeofassimilation:
denizensandaliens;
2.bythemannerofborrowing:
translationloansandsemanticloans.
（8）briefhistoryanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary
（I）historyA:
OldEnglish:
Anglo-SaxonnowisreferredtoasOldEnglish（450-1150）.
TheeventsinfluencingOldEnglishare:
1）.theintroductionofChristianity.2）theinvasionofScandinavians.Inshort,duringthisperiod,theinfluenceonEnglishwasGermanic,thoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin.
B:
MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）:
Normaninvasionorconquest.Inshort,FrenchwasthemajorinfluenceonEnglish.
C:
ModernEnglish（1500---）ModernEnglishcanbedividedintoEarly（1500-1700）andLate（1700—now）modernEnglish
Earlyperiod.OwingtotheRenaissance,peoplelearnfromancientGreeksandRomanclassics.
Lateperiod.Owingtothethreeimportantevents:
theBourgeoisRevolution,theIndustrialrevolution,thecolonization,Englishborrowedwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.
ForeignElementsinEnglishvocabulary:
Allinall,thethreemajorforeignelementsinEnglishvocabularyareFrench,Latin,Greek.
（II）GrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabulary
1.Threereasonsfornewwords:
Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology;
Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;
Theinfluenceofothercultures;
2.Modesofvocabularydevelopment:
ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:
creation（wordformation）,semanticchange.,borrowing
ReviewExercise:
Fillintheblanks
1.Awordisthesmallest___________withagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.
2.Ifwestudythechangeofwordmeaningsinancienttimeandmoderntime,westudythewordina___________way.
5.Wordscanbeclassifiedintobasicwordsandnon-basicwordsby_________;
and_________and______bynotion.
6.Borrowedwordswhichstillsoundforeignandlookforeignare__________._________areborrowingsthathavebecomeassimilatedinEnglish.
7.Awordwhosemeaningwasborrowedfromanotherlanguageiscalled_________.
8.Contentwordsarechangingallthetimewhereasfunctionalwordsare_________.________wordsenjoya_____frequencyinusethancontentwords.
9.Therelationbetweenasymbolandtheobjectis______.Itisrealizedthrough________.
10.ThefeatureofOldEnglishisthatOldEnglishisa________language.
11.Englishlanguagehasborrowedalmostfromallthelanguagesintheworld.ButEnglishborrowsmainlyfromthreelanguages,i.e._________,______,and_________.
12.OldEnglishisoftencalled_______.EnglishismorecloselyrelatedtoGermanthanFrench.
13.Englishwordscanbeclassifiedinto______and_______byitsorigin.
14.Borrowedwordscanbeclassifiedintodenizensandaliensaccordingtothedegreeof_______________,translationloansandsemanticloansaccordingtothemannerof_____________.
15.It’sestimatedthat80%ofEnglishwordsareborrowedfromotherlanguages.AndborrowedwordsinEnglishmainlycomefromthreelanguages:
theyare_________,___________and_____________.
16.ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreemodes.Theyare______,________and__________,amongwhich____________isthemostimportant.
LectureII
WordFormation（I）:
introductiontomorpheme
1.basicconceptsofmorphologicalstructuresofwords
A:
morphemes:
minimalmeaningfulunits
morph:
therealizationformofamorpheme,includingpronunciationandspelling.
allomorph:
thealternativerealizationofamorpheme.e.g.
1）thepluralmorpheme{s}2）thepasttensemarker{ed}3）.affixationalmorpheme{in}
2.classificationofmorphemes
A.freemorpheme/contentmorpheme:
Ithascompletemeaningofitsownandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentencesorspeech.
B.boundmorpheme/grammaticalmorpheme:
Ithascompletemeaningofitsown,butcannotbeusedseparately.Itiscombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords.
3.rootandstem:
Rootisthebasicformofaword,anditcannotbefurtherdivided.Itisthepartthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofaword.
Stemmaybeasinglerootmorpheme,tworootmorphemes,orarootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemes.Inotherwords,Stemcanbefurtherdivideduntilitisaroot..
ReviewExercise:
1.Aminimummeaningfulunitofalanguageis_______.
2.Thepartcarryingthebasicmeaningofawordiscalled____.
3.Alinguisticformthatcanstandbyitselfis_________.
4.Amorphemethatmustoccurwithatleastoneothermorphemeis_________.
5.Amorphemeattachedtoastemorrootis________.
6.Anaffixtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsisknownas______morpheme.
7.Anaffixthatformsnewwordswithastemorrootis____.
8.Oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorphemeis_______.
Wordformation（II）:
meansofwordformation
1.affixation（derivation）:
（1）Definition:
It’sawordformationbywhichwordsarecreatedbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Thewordsthusformedarederivatives.Itincludesprefixationandsuffixation.
（2）A:
Prefixation:
（A）.definition:
Itisanewwordformedbyaddingprefixestostems.
（B）.featuresofprefixes:
Generally,prefixesdonotchangewordclassbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.Exceptions:
a-;
de-;
en-;
be-;
（C）.typesofcommonprefixes
（1）.negativeprefixes:
in-（im-,il-,ir-）;
dis-;
un-;
non-
（2）.pejorativeprefix:
mis-.mal-,pseudo-.
（3）.prefixesofdegreeorsize:
super-,arch-,macro-,micro-,mini-,over-,
（4）.prefixesofattitude:
anti-,counter-,pro-,co-
（5）.locativeprefixes:
inter-,intra-,fore-,trans-,sub-,
（6）.prefixesoftime:
ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-
（7）.numberprefixes（theformer:
Greek,thelatter:
Latin）hemi-;
Semi-;
demi-mono-;
uni-di-,ambi-;
bi-Tri-;
tert-
suffixation:
（A）.featuresofsuffixes:
changewordclass
（B）.typesofsuffixes:
（1）.verbsuffix:
meaning“become…,cause…,”:
-fy,-ate-,-ise-/ize-,-en
（2）.Adj.Suffix:
表示性质或状态或特性或形状-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic,-ical,-al,-ous,ious,-eous;
-able,-ible,-ive,-some,-ate,-atic,-ary
（3）.advsuffix:
-ly,-wise（intermsof）,-wards
（4）.nounsuffix:
表示人:
-er,-or,-ist,-ant（inhabitant）,-ate（advocate）,-ain（captain）,-ee,-eer,-ar（liar）,-ary（adversary）,-arian（vegetarian）,-ard（coward）,-ician（beautician）
表示事物:
-er（lighter,silencer）,-or（mirror,insulator）
表示行为:
-ation,accusation,taxation;
-sion,expansion,collision;
-age,breakage,stoppage;
表示抽象名词：
-ship,-sion,-hood,-ism,-age,-dom,-ful,-ition,-ery,robbery,scenery,imagery,adultery;
-ity,maturity.–ment;
-al,revival;
-ance,-ence.
表示地点场所：
-ium,stadium,gymnasium,beautorium;
-ery,refinery,bakery,brewery;
-ory,laboratory,observatory.lavatory.
表示疾病：
-osis:
tuberculosis,neurosis;
-itis:
bronchitis;
-ia,hysteria,pneumonia,anaemia.
表示学科:
-logy;
-ics,dynamics,statistics;
-ry,husbandry,forestry,
2.Conversion（functionalshift,zeroderivation）:
A.definition:
thewordformationofnewwordsbychangingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclasswithoutthechangeofwordform.
B.majortypesofconversion:
（1）.convertedNoun:
V→N;
PhraseV→N;
Adj→N:
fullconversion,partialconversion.
fullconversion:
Anounfullyconvertedfromanadj.hasallthecharacteristicsofanoun:
-s（es）,-`s,modifiedbyanadj.,ora/an.
partialconversion:
Nounspartiallyconverteddonothaveallthequalitiesanounhas.Theyhavesomeofthefeaturesofanadj.Theymustbeusedwith“the”.
（2）.convertedAdj.Noun→Adj.SeeP.21-25.
Phrases→Adj.例:
over-the-counterdrug.
theturn-of-the-centurytouristindustry.
IntheUS,right-to-dielegislationhasbeenintroducedIatleast15states.
Industrialproductionroseatahigher-than-expectedrateof0.8percentlastmonthashotweatherincreasedtheuseofelectricit
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