nonverbal communication补充资料Word文档下载推荐.docx

nonverbal communication补充资料Word文档下载推荐.docx

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hundredwords.Itconveysdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontextsand

dependingonthesituationitleadstopositiveornegativeoutcomes.In

oursociety,silencemostlycarriesanegativeconnotation.Peoplewho

remainsilenceareseenasawkwardandnon-collaborative.However,

thereareotherinstanceswheresilencecanbepositive,whichisin

situationswhereitisusedtoshowrespectandattentivenesstoothers.

Inaclassroomsetting,studentsmightusesilencewhentheyare

experiencingvariousemotionssuchasfear,uncertainness,insecurity,

shameorlackofknowledge.Forexample,duringdiscussioninsomeof

myclassesIremainsilence.Though,manytimesisnotbecauseIdonot

knowwhattheyaretalkingaboutorthatIdonothaveanopinionbut

sometimesishardtoexplainmyselfinEnglishbecausemyfirstandmost

uselanguageisSpanish.ByremainingsilenceIsometimesfeellikenot

belongingtothegroup.However,someteachersmightperceivesilence

fromstudentsasnotbeinginterested,attentive,orpreparedfortheir

class.Mostofthetimesilenceisnotbrokenuntilateacherasksa

directquestiontoastudent,whichmanytimescouldmotivesastudent

tospeakup.

InmyrelationshipwithfriendsIhadexperiencedsilenceinvariousways.

Iusuallyremainsilencewhenexperiencing

angertowardsafriendasawaytolethim/herknowsomethingisnot

right.Also,IremainsilencewhenIamangry,nothurtanybody.

Sometimesisbettertobesilencethattosaysomethinghurtfulor

somethingIwilllaterregret.However,intherelationshipwithmy

boyfriendthistacticdoesnotapply.Bybeingsilencedwhenfacinga

conflicthastakennegativeresolutions,hasbeenseenasawaytoavoid

conflictandnotcaringenoughfortherelationship.

InmyfamilyrelationshipIusesilencetoshowrespect.Forexample,I

usuallyremainsilencewhenmymothercallsmyattentionwhendoing

somethingwrong;

itisawaytoacceptmyfault.Also,Iremindsilence

asawayofactivelisteningwhenafamilymemberistellingastoryor

tellingmesomethingofimportancetothem.Thiscandemonstratetothe

otherpartythatIcareenoughaboutwhattheyaresaying.

Aboutspace

Oneareaofnon-verbalcommunicationthatoftengetsoverlookedinfictionistheuseofspace,anareaofstudyreferredtoasproxemics.Therearesomepeoplewhoseemtotakeupmorespace,andithasnothingtodowiththeirphysicalsize.Thesearepeoplewhowalkintoaroomandseemtoownit.Theystandwiththeirshoulderssquared,theirheadsup,theirhandsontheirhipsandtheirelbowsout,andwiththeirfeetatleastatshoulder-widthapart.They'

retakingupthemaximumamountofspace,andpeopleunconsciouslyrespondtothat,givingthepersonevenmorespace.Thiscanindicateakindofhostility--likethestrangerwhowalksintoabarandsilentlychallengeseverymaninthebartotakehimoniftheydare--inwhichcasetheotherswillgivehimplentyofspaceandprobablyavoiddirecteyecontactoranyothergesturethatmightchallengehim.Oritcanindicatepowerandcharisma--youcanpracticallyseethatinvisiblesuperherocapeflappingbehindhim--sothattheotherswillgivehimspacebutwillfacehimlikehe'

saperformeronstageandthey'

retheaudience.

Ontheoppositeendofthespectrumarethepeoplewhoshrinkintothemselvesasawayoftakingupaslittlespaceaspossible.Theyhunchtheirshoulders,narrowingtheirbodies.Theykeeptheirarmsclosetotheirsidesorclutchthemagainsttheirchests.Theykeeptheirheadsdownandprobablystayagainstthewallorinthecorner.Otherpeoplemayentirelydisregardtheirpersonalspace,invadingitwhileignoringthem,likestandingveryclosebutwiththeirbacksturnedastheytalktosomeoneelsewithoutbeingawarethatthere'

ssomeonewithininchesoftheirshoulder.

Speakingofpersonalspace,therearealotofmessagesinvolvedinhowmuchpersonalspacethereis.It'

saculturalthing,tosomeextent.Americanstendtomaintainalargerpersonalspacebubblethanothercultures,whileLatinculturesandalotofAsianculturesaremorecomfortablewithcloserphysicalproximity.Ifyou'

rewritingaboutaninteractionbetweentwocultures,thiscanbeasourceofdiscomfortorconflict,ifonecharacterunknowinglyinvadesthepersonalspaceofanotherorifonecharacterunknowinglyinsultsanotherbybackingaway.Thereare,ofcourse,individualvariations--somepeopleneedorexpectmorespacethanothers--andtheamountofspaceneededorexpectedwilldependonthecircumstances.Yourpersonalbubblewillgenerallyshrinkwhenyou'

reinacrowdedenvironment,orelseyou'

dgonutshavingitconstantlyinvadedbystrangers.Somepeoplecan'

tshrinktheirbubbles,sotheyavoidcrowdsforthisreason.

Personalspacealsovariesaccordingtorelationship.Themoreintimatetherelationship,thesmallertheamountofpersonalspace.Thebubbleiswidestwithstrangersandmayshrinktoalmostnothingbetweenlovers,eveninpublic.Theymaystandwiththeirbodiestouchingandcombinetheirpersonalspacebubblesintoonebubblethatcreatesspacearoundthecouple.Twopeoplewhoareclosebutwhoavoidtouchingmaybeloverswhoaretemporarilyangryateachother,orpossiblypeoplewhodesireeachotherbutwhocan'

tactonthatdesireordon'

twanttoshowthatdesireandfearthattheslightesttouchmaybemorethantheycantolerate.Youcanhaveaviewpointcharactertakestockoftherelationshipsamongpeopleintheroombyobservinghowclosetoeachothertheyarephysically.Oryoucouldshowthecomfortlevelbetweencharactersbyhavingthemmovecloserastheirrelationshipprogressesormovefartherapartastheylosecomfortwitheachother.

You'

llgetconflictordiscomfortwhentwopeoplehavedifferentideasofappropriatepersonalspace--someonewithanunrequitedcrushormaybeadifferentideaofwheretherelationshipiswillprobablyviolatethepersonalspaceoftheotherperson.Thatpersonmaybackaway,sendingamessageofwherehestandswiththerelationship.Smallchildrentendtohaveverylittlesenseofpersonalspaceandmaygetcloseandclingyevenwithsomeonesendingoffveryclear"

keepout"

signals.Therearealsosomepowersignalsatworkinwhoisallowedtoviolatewhosespace.Someonewithgreaterpowermayhaveabroaderpersonalspacethatsubordinatesaren'

tallowedtoviolate,butthehigher-powerpersonmaytreatsubordinatesasthoughtheyhavesmallerpersonalspaceboundariesandmaygetclosertotheminsomecircumstances.Ifyouapproachyourboss,youprobablywouldn'

tfeelcomfortable（dependingonyourrelationshipwithyourboss）standingreallyclose,touchinghimorputtingyourarmaroundhim,butthebossmayapproachyouandmakephysicalcontact--ahandonyourarmoronyourshoulder.

IknowIsaiddon'

tusethisinreallife,butreallifeisagoodwaytoobservehowthisworks（justdon'

tmakealotofjudgmentsaboutwhatyouseeoractonthebasisofmyverybroadandvagueanalysis）.ThisisoneareawherewatchingTVormovieswon'

tgiveyousomethingyoucanuseinnarrativebecauseshotsareframedforaspecificeffectandthepersonalspacemaynotberealistic（theyhavetogetbothcharactersinthesameshot,regardlessofhowclosetheyareemotionally,etc.）.Watchpeopleandseehowclosetheystandtoeachotherindifferentsituationsandindifferentrelationships.Youcaneventestwherepeople'

spersonalspaceboundariesarebystandingreallycloseandseeinghowfartheybackawayuntiltheyseemcomfortableagain.Theyprobablywon'

tleapaway,butthey'

llgraduallyshifttheirweightinawaythatmovestheirfeetbackwards.

aboutappearances

Aboutnonverbalcommunication（tapescriptofthemp3）

Callum:

Hello,todayinTalkaboutEnglishwehavethefifthprogrammeinourseriesoncultureandcommunication.TodayMarcBeebylooksatthetopicofnon-verbalcommunication–communicationwithoutlanguage.Peoplefromdifferentculturesspeakdifferentlanguagesbutalsousenon-verbalcommunicationindifferentways.Here’sMarc.

Marc:

Humanbeingshaveatendency（趋势，倾向）toreactpositivelytosamenessandnegativelytodifference.Soifpeopleusenon-verbalcommunicationinwayswerecognisewetendtothinkofthemaspeoplewecangetonwith.Whenpeopleusenon-verbalcommunicationinawaythatisdifferentfromwhatwe’reusedto,therecanbeproblems.Andnon-verbalcommunicationcanvaryenormouslyfromculturetoculture.Butwhatis‘non-verbalcommunication’?

Well,Isupposethefirstthingmostofuswouldthinkofwhenwehearthatphraseishowwecommunicateusingourbodies-ourbodylanguage-thewayweuseourhands,ourfaces,oureyes.Here’sRebeccaFongagainwithcommentsfromDionneCharmainefromJamaica,Kyung-jaYoofromJapan,andEilidhHamilton,whospentseveralyearsinSyria.

RebeccaFong

Thedegreetowhichweuseourbodiestoaccompanyourverbalmessagesvariesalotfromculturetoculturesothatsomecultures,AfricanAmericansforexampleorMediterraneancultureswillthrowtheirarmsaroundandmovearoundalotwhenthey'

respeaking.

DionneCharmaine

Jamaicansdothatalottheyhavealotofgestures-lotofhandmovements.Thehandmovementsindicatethatyou'

vekindoflostcontrolintermsofwhatyou'

reputtingacross

you'

rejustsoemotionallycaughtuporsoangryorwhatever.Andagainifsomeone'

sangry

llgettheh