完整word版高英第七册UnitSevenWord文档格式.docx

完整word版高英第七册UnitSevenWord文档格式.docx

《完整word版高英第七册UnitSevenWord文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《完整word版高英第七册UnitSevenWord文档格式.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

a）Haveyoueverthoughtabouttheaimsofeducation?

Whatarethey?

Tolearngeneralknowledge?

Tolearnaskill?

Topassexaminations?

Togetpreparedforagoodjob?

Andwhatelse?

Listasmanyobjectivesofeducationasyoucanthinkof.

b）InthePrefacetohiscollectionofessaysoneducation,Whiteheadstatedexplicitly,“thewholebookisaprotestagainstdeadknowledge.”Whatdoyouthinkistheviewof 

Whiteheadconcerningtheaimsofeducationinthisessay?

★todevelopthestudentintellectuallysothathecanmakediscoveriesofhisown---Whitehead

★Websterdefineseducationastheprocessofeducatingorteaching（nowthat'

sreallyuseful,isn'

tit?

）Educateisfurtherdefinedas"

todeveloptheknowledge,skill,orcharacterof..."

Thus,fromthesedefinitions,wemightassumethatthepurposeofeducationistodeveloptheknowledge,skill,orcharacterofstudents.Unfortunately,thisdefinitionofferslittleunlesswefurtherdefinewordssuchasdevelop,knowledge,andcharacter. 

★InancientGreece,Socratesarguedthateducationwasaboutdrawingoutwhatwasalreadywithinthestudent.（Asmanyofyouknow,thewordeducationcomesfromtheLatine-duceremeaning"

toleadout."

）

★Teachingistheestablishmentofanenvironmentforeffectivelearning.

Thedefinitionwidenstheroleofateacherbeyondthatof“presenter”tothatofadiagnostician,planner,consultant,assessor&

evaluator.

Articlesfrominternetforreference:

THEMEANINGOFEDUCATION

Recently,auniversityprofessorwrotealettertotheeditorofthelocalnewspaper.Hecommentedthatpeopleshouldn'

tputtoomuchweightontherecentlyreleasedtrendsinSRAscoresofthestate'

shighschoolstudents.Theprofessorwentontodescribesomeoftheunansweredquestionsaboutthenatureandvalueofassessment.Hementionedthatoneoftheproblemswithassessmentwastheongoingdisagreementontheverypurposeofeducation. 

Afewdayslater,ascathingresponsewasprintedfromacommunitymember 

whoquestionedwhethertheUniversityreallywantedsomeoneontheirstaffwhodidn'

tevenknowthepurposeofeducation.Clearly,thispersonassumedthathisdefinitionofeducationwassharedbyall.Whatisthemeaningofeducation?

Websterdefineseducationastheprocessofeducatingorteaching（nowthat'

Whatismeantbyknowledge?

Isitabodyofinformationthatexists"

outthere"

—apartfromthehumanthoughtprocessesthatdevelopedit?

Ifwelookatthestandardsandbenchmarksthathavebeendevelopedbymanystates—oratE.D.Hirsch'

slistofinformationneededforCulturalLiteracy

（1）,wemightassumethistobethedefinitionofknowledge.However,thereisconsiderableresearchleadingotherstobelievethatknowledgearisesinthemindofanindividualwhenthatpersoninteractswithanideaorexperience. 

Thisishardlyanewargument.InancientGreece,Socratesarguedthateducationwasaboutdrawingoutwhatwasalreadywithinthestudent.（Asmanyofyouknow,thewordeducationcomesfromtheLatine-duceremeaning"

）Atthesametime,theSophists,agroupofitinerantteachers,promisedtogivestudentsthenecessaryknowledgeandskillstogainpositionswiththecity-state.

Thereisadangeroustendencytoassumethatwhenpeopleusethesamewords,theyperceiveasituationinthesameway.Thisisrarelythecase.Onceonegetsbeyondadictionarydefinition—ameaningthatisoftenoflittlepracticalvalue—themeaningweassigntoawordisabelief,notanabsolutefact.Hereareacoupleofexamples.

“Thecentraltaskofeducationistoimplantawillandfacilityforlearning;

itshouldproducenotlearnedbutlearningpeople.Thetrulyhumansocietyisalearningsociety,wheregrandparents,parents,andchildrenarestudentstogether.”~EricHoffer

“Noonehasyetrealizedthewealthofsympathy,thekindnessandgenerosityhiddeninthesoulofachild.Theeffortofeverytrueeducationshouldbetounlockthattreasure.”~EmmaGoldman

“Theonlypurposeofeducationistoteachastudenthowtolivehislife-bydevelopinghismindandequippinghimtodealwithreality.Thetrainingheneedsistheoretical,i.e.,conceptual.Hehastobetaughttothink,tounderstand,tointegrate,toprove.Hehastobetaughttheessentialsoftheknowledgediscoveredinthepast-andhehastobeequippedtoacquirefurtherknowledgebyhisowneffort.”~AynRand

“Theaimofeducationshouldbetoteachusratherhowtothink,thanwhattothink—rathertoimproveourminds,soastoenableustothinkforourselves,thantoloadthememorywiththethoughtsofothermen.”~BillBeattie

“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.”~BishopCreighton

“Thecentraljobofschoolsistomaximizethecapacityofeachstudent.”~CarolAnnTomlinson

Thesequotationsdemonstratethediversityofbeliefsaboutthepurposeofeducation.Howwouldyoucompletethestatement,"

Thepurposeofeducationis..."

?

Ifyouaskfiveofyourfellowteacherstocompletethatsentence,itislikelythatyou'

llhavefivedifferentstatements.Somewillplacethefocusonknowledge,someontheteacher,andothersonthestudent.Yetpeople'

sbeliefsinthepurposeofeducationlieattheheartoftheirteachingbehaviors.

Despitewhattheletterwritermighthavewished,thereisnodefinitionofeducationthatisagreeduponbyall,orevenmost,educators.Themeaningstheyattachtothewordarecomplexbeliefsarisingfromtheirownvaluesandexperiences.Totheextentthatthosebeliefsdiffer,theexperienceofstudentsintoday'

sclassroomscanneverbethesame.Worse,manyeducatorshaveneverbeenaskedtostatetheirbeliefs—oreventoreflectonwhattheybelieve.Attheveryleast,teachersoweittotheirstudentstobringtheirdefinitionsintoconsciousnessandexaminethemforvalidity.

PurposesandFunctions

Tomakemattersmorecomplicated,theoristshavemadeadistinctionbetweenthepurposeofeducationandthefunctionsofeducation.

（2）Apurposeisthefundamentalgoaloftheprocess—anendtobeachieved.Functionsareotheroutcomesthatmayoccurasanaturalresultoftheprocess—byproductsorconsequencesofschooling.Forexample,someteachersbelievethatthetransmissionofknowledgeistheprimarypurposeofeducation,whilethetransferofknowledgefromschooltotherealworldissomethingthathappensnaturallyasaconsequenceofpossessingthatknowledge—afunctionofeducation.

Becauseapurposeisanexpressedgoal,moreeffortisputintoattainingit.Functionsareassumedtooccurwithoutdirectedeffort.Forthisreasonit'

svaluabletofigureoutwhichoutcomesyouconsiderafundamentalpurposeofeducation.Whichofthefollowingdoyouactuallyincludeinyourplanning?

Acquisitionofinformationaboutthepastandpresent:

includestraditionaldisciplinessuchasliterature,history,science,mathematics

Formationofhealthysocialand/or

formalrelationshipsamongand

betweenstudents,teachers,others

Capacity/abilitytoevaluateinformationandtopredictfutureoutcomes（decision-making）

Capacity/abilitytoseekoutalternativesolutionsandevaluatethem（problemsolving）

Developmentofmentalandphysicalskills:

motor,thinking,communication,social,aesthetic

Knowledgeofmoralpracticesand

ethicalstandardsacceptablebysociety/culture

Capacity/abilitytorecognizeandevaluatedifferentpointsofview

Respect:

givingandreceivingrecognitionashumanbeings

Indoctrinationintotheculture

Capacity/abilitytoliveafulfillinglife

Capacity/abilitytoearnaliving:

careereducation

Senseofwell-being:

mentalandphysicalhealth

Capacity/abilitytobeagoodcitizen

Capacity/abilitytothinkcreatively

Culturalappreciation:

art,music,humanities

Understandingofhumanrelationsandmotivations

Acquisition/clarificationofvaluesrelatedtothephysicalenvironment

Acquisition/clarificationofpersonalvalues

Self-realization/self-reflection:

awarenessofone’sabilitiesandgoals

Self-esteem/self-efficacy

AsTomPetersremindsus,"

Whatgetsmeasured,getsdone."

Regardlessofthehighsoundingrhetoricaboutthedevelopmentofthetotalchild,itisthecontentofassessmentsthatlargelydriveseducation.Howisthecapacity/abilitytothinkcreativelyassessedintoday'

sschools?

Towhatextentisthetypicalstudentrecognizedandgivenrespect?

Howoftenarestudentsgiventheopportunitytorecognizeandevaluatedifferentpointsofviewwhenmultiplechoicetestsrequireasingle'

correct'

answer?

Teacherswhoholdamorehumanisticviewofthepurposeofeducationoftenexperiencestressbecausethemeaningtheyassigntoeducationdiffersgreatlyfromthemeaningassignedbysocietyortheirinstitution.Itisclearinlisteningtothelanguageofeducationthatitsprimaryfocusisonknowledgeandteachingratherthanonthelearner.Studentsareexpectedtoconformtoschoolsratherthanschoo