写科研论文导师不传授的细节Word下载.docx
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”不要暗示“没有功劳也有苦劳”,而要直奔主题。
这个要点也许显而易见,但是其实不然。
在读文章的时候经常可以看到这样的不妥当的说法。
我以前读博士第一次做报告的时候,最后一张薄膜是一堆杂志的封面。
我对听众说,为了做这个年度考核报告,为了做我的科研,我看了这些杂志三百篇文献。
会后,导师对我说:
“不要让别人看到你的汗水,要用科学结果来吸引别人。
即使你绕了很大弯子得到最后的结果,你也要轻松地讲,让别人感到你很聪明。
”
根据HowtoWriteaSuccessfulScienceThesis(Wiley-VCH)一书p.98,"
Experimentalworkisbydefinitionajourneyintotheunknown,fraughtwithdetoursanddeadends,butallsuchobstaclesarebasicallyirrelevantfromascientificstandpoint.Lookuponyourdissertation--asyouwouldanyotherresearchreport--notasamemoirdocumentingandexplainingyoureveryactivity,butinsteadasaproclamationofasetofnewinsights.Howyouachievedyourresultsmayperhapsplaysomeroleinyourmentor'
sappraisalofyourefforts,butotherwiseitwillbeofinterestonlytotheextentthatcertainintimatedetailsmaybecriticalfromamethodologicalstandpoint."
2)少用陈词滥调。
很多很多所谓写作秘诀的网上资料都提供一些句法,但是其实很多都是陈词滥调,不提供任何信息,可以高度精简。
以下是我给一篇文章审稿的片断意见:
"
[7]Anotherreasononwhythispaperislongandsomewhatdistractingisthatyoufrequentlyusewordssuchas"
Itwasfoundthat"
(p.2),"
Itisworthnotingthat…"
(p.7),"
Itwasobservedthat…"
(p.8),"
Itwasobservedthat…"
(p.9),"
Itwasnotedthat…"
(p.12),"
Weobservedthat…"
(ofcourse,it'
syouwhomaketheobservation!
),"
Itwasnoticedthat"
(p.13),"
Itwasinterestingtoseethat…"
"
Itwasconcludedthat"
(p.15),"
Itwasfoundthat(p.17)"
.”
有时候用了陈词滥调反而帮了倒忙。
以下是我给另外一篇文章的审稿意见片断:
[10]Throughoutthetext,fortwoorthreetimes(e.g.,line11ofp.12),theauthorsalwayswrote"
itisnotsurprisingthat..."
.Theintentionoftheauthorswastojustifytheirdata,tosaythattheirdataare"
normal"
.However,iftheauthorsalwayssay"
itisnotsurprising"
whyshouldthereadercareunsurprisingresults?
Isn'
titbettertouse"
itisjustifiedthat..."
or"
itisreasonablethat..."
?
”
为了证明我说的这些是有道理的,我举HowtoWriteaSuccessfulScienceThesis(Wiley-VCH)一书p.39,"
Avoidsentencesthatareunnecessarilycomplexandentangled,orrunoninterminably.Problemsofthelattersortoftenhavetheiroriginin'
that'
constructions:
Example4-8:
Itiswellestablishedthat...(ofcourse!
)
Onecanassumethat...(presumably!
Fromthisresultitfollowsthat...(=thus,hence,therefore)
Wemustnottakeitforgrantedthat...(=unlikely)
Notethattheexamplesabovearefollowedinparenthesesbyawordorwordswiththepotentialtoheadtheoffendingsentenceoffinamorepromisingdirection.Sometimesasinglewell-chosenwordisabletoreplaceanentirephrase,simultaneouslyeliminatingtheneedforatleastonepunctuationmark.Equallyimportant,aremodelinginthissenseoftenpermitsthetruemessageofthesentencetomigratefromanawkwardsubordinateclausetothemainclause,whereitbelongs."
3)写文章不能用讨审稿人打的时髦语,不能任意吹嘘夸大影响。
比如有的人说自己的实验设计是"
beautiful"
,实验结果是"
amazing"
remarkable"
,自己的催化剂是“超级稳定”,自己的薄膜是“超级薄”,在引言部分说自己的课题是“公众都注意的北极星”,这样必然招打。
很简单,什么是“超级稳定”的定义?
最稳定就是转化率一直100%不变,那么“超级稳定”究竟超级到什么程度?
什么叫“超级薄”?
最薄就一个原子的大小,“超级薄”能比一个原子还小吗?
有的人写文章引言夸大能源危机,搞得读者人人自危,帽子虽然大,最后还是缩小到自己一个没有意义的课题。
那么,审稿人就要问:
就凭你这点结果,你的催化剂能解决能源危机吗?
你的催化剂能工业化吗?
CommunicatingScience:
APracticalGuide一书p.50,"
Hypetendstocreepinnaturallyunderthepen.Agoodcharacterizationofhypeisoverindulgenceinadjectives.Justlikeoverindulginginsweetsleadstoobesity,accumulatingadjectivesbloatsatext,makesitbottom-heavyandturnsitintofailure."
p.26,"
Iamnottellingyoutoshyfromwavingyourflag.Advertisingisdefinitelyinvolvedinthewritingofanintroduction,butthesoftestoftouchesisneeded.One-upmanshipcanbeverydistructive."
TheElementsofStyles(插图版)一书p.106,"
Donotoverstate.Whenyouoverstate,readerswillbeinstantlyonguard,andeverythingthathasprecededyouroverstatementaswellaseverythingthatfollowsitwillbesuspectintheirmindsbecausetheyhavelostconfidenceinyourjudgmentoryourpoise.Overstatementisoneofthecommonfaults.Asingleoverstatement,whereverorhoweveritoccurs,diminishesthewhole,andasinglecarefreesuperlativehasthepowertodestroy,forreaders,theobjectiveofyourenthusiasm."
4)鼓励恰当地用主动语气。
以前很多老师都说写科研论文要用被动语气。
其实,大家去读ChemicalCommunications杂志,每一篇文章都读,发现大多数的三页文章里面至少有几个主动句,有的有十几个主动句。
什么情况用被动句,什么情况用主动句?
答案是大多数情况用被动句,特别是描述实验方法。
但是有的情况下用主动句有画龙点睛的效果。
仔细读ChemicalCommunications杂志,发现的常见主动句是"
Herein,wereport..."
Weproposethat.."
Tofurthercheck/demonstratethishypothesis,wedesignedfurtherexperimentby..."
Webelievethat..."
Toseewhether...isdueto...,wedidfurtherexperiments..."
.可见主动句有几种,第一种是在引言中说我们发现了什么;
第二中是说我们认为什么,是提建议的;
第三种是说为了证明什么,我们做了进一步的实验。
有了这些主动句,文章就更加神采飞扬了。
为了说明我的话是合理的,我举HowtoWriteaSuccessfulScienceThesis(Wiley-VCH)一书p.37,"
Weurgeyouingeneral,asoftenasyoucan,toincorporatelivelyverbsintoyourwriting.Trttotakeasmuchadvantagesasyoucanofsentencestructuresrootedintheactivevoice,whichisthemostwelcomingenvironmentfor'
wordsofaction'
.Fewworlddisputetheassertion,however,thatpassiveconstructionsrarelycontributeinapositivewaytodescriptiveprose."
p.84,"
Ithasbecomeincreasinglycommoninpublishedscientificworkstoencounterexamplesoffirst-personverbforms,whichunquestionablyaddlifetotheirsurroundings.Notethatthisdevelopmentcarriesanimportantinplication,however:
theauthorsresponsiblearesuggestinginasubtlewaythatthepartiesinvolvedinconductingascholarlyinvestigationmaythemselvesplayamorethanpassiverole:
Examples10-7...Thisbeingthecase,weelectedto...
...Wethereforeseparated(introduced,heated)..
...Inthehopeofconferringantimalarialactivityonpharmaceuticalprecursors,weprepared..."
5)注意段落的长度和结构,注意起承转合、行云流水、收发自如!
读间行打印的原始稿件,如果一段话占据一页,就太长了。
一般6-15行是正常范围。
HowtoWriteaSuccessfulScienceThesis(Wiley-VCH)一书p.39,"
Ingeneral,paragraphsshouldprobablynotexceedaboutathirdofapage,equivalenttoperhapsfourtoeightsentences.Paragraphsmakeanimportantcontributiontotheintellectualstructureofadocument,quiteapartfromthefactthattheybreakupanotherwise'
endlessstreamoftext'
whichisunsightlyandinflictstoomuchorganizationalburdenonthereader."
Structuringadocumentasaseriesofcoherentparagraphsforcestheauthortosortoutandpresenthisorherthoughtsinalogicalfashion.Thatistosay,aproperparagraphisdedicatedtoexploringasinglesubjectorthought,whichinprinciplecouldeasilybearticulatedinabriefdescriptivetitle."
Thefirstsentenceineveryparagraphwarrantsspecialattention.Oneofitsprinciplefunctionsistoletthereaderknowwhattheensuingdiscussionisabout,forwhichreasonitisoftenreferredtoasthe"
topicsentence"
.Thecorrespondingtopicisthenpursuedinsentencesthatimmediatelyfollow,withthefinalsentenceintheparagraphsocraftedthatifsuppliesabridgetothenextparagraph."
一篇好文章的总体结构见TheLongmanPracticalStylist一书:
龙头,凤尾,猪肚。
写引言的时候从一个吸引广大读者的宽泛的概念聚焦到本文要描述的实验,由大到小,倒金字塔结构。
最后收尾的时候,从本文具体的结论展望到未来,由小到大,金字塔结构。
6)文章要写得花妙,还得注意结尾部分。
就是说,文章写到最后,不能嘎然而止,而要说清楚本文的意义、对这个领域的贡献、本文的局限性和下一步可以怎么做。
这样,读起来有意犹未尽的感觉。
HowtoWriteaSuccessfulScienceThesis(Wiley-VCH)一书p.102,"
Neartheendofyourdiscussionyoumaywanttobeboldandsuggestinterestingavenuesforfutureexploration:
promisingapproachestoresolvingremaininguncertainties,ideasforbroadeningthescopeofamethodologyyouhavedeveloped,orwaysofpossiblyrefiningyourresults.Ifso,besurethesuggestionsyoumakeareconcrete."
写了那么多“秘诀”,觉得科研写作的确是奥妙无穷的。
说到这里,举一个例子:
最近读到一篇奇文。
这篇文章讲的是超高真空表面化学,只有一张图,一个示意图,居然能中德国应用化学会志。
HydrocarbonChainGrowthonV(100)Single-CrystalSurfacesviaVinylIntermediates
(p6583-6585)
MinShen,FranciscoZaera
PublishedOnline:
Jul2320082:
14AM
http:
//dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802338
读罢这篇文章,不禁拍案叫绝。
且不说具体的学术内容和新发现吧。
这篇文章的写作手法非常巧妙,使出了“杀手锏”。
一般人写这类文章,都在报数据,这个峰在这个位置,那个峰在那个位置。
而这篇文章,通篇血脉通畅,一气呵成,如行云流水。
它逻辑性非常强。
在科学哲学当中,有种科学发现方法叫做:
提出假说==〉做实验证明==〉得到证据==〉产生新的疑问==〉针对疑问做新的对照实验、诊断实验来消除疑问==〉优化假说。
这篇文章里面能够看到这种思辨的过程。
里面的新实验都是围绕着疑问进行,然后说是证明了一个假说还是排除了一个假说。
而描述这些新的实验的时候,几句话就说明了问题。
这篇文章又粗浅易懂。
开头就把这个工作和工业上经久不衰的F-T合成联系起来。
在当中,很少叙述图的峰位置、峰形,而是定性地说发现了什么产物,由此推测什么机理。
很有启发!