考研英语真题及答案完形填空完整.docx

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考研英语真题及答案完形填空完整

SectionI UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblank.andmark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting__1__workersproductivity.Instead，thestudiesended__2__givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery__3__tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior

Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4__behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto__5__oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexperiment.__7__somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A（n）__8__thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe__9__toalterworkers'behavior__10__itself

Afterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere__11__toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore 12 thedescriptionsonrecord，nosystematic__13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathappened.__15__，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16__rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays__18__，acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff. Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown

1.[A]affected   [B]achieved      [C]extracted     [D]restored

2.[A]at            [B]up               [C]with            [D]off

3.[A]truth       [B]sight            [C]act                      [D]proof

4.[A]controversial      [B]perplexing     [C]mischievous  [D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements      [B]explanations  [C]accounts     [D]assessments

6.[A]conclude        [B]matter                [C]indicate       [D]work

7.[A]asfaras   [B]forfearthat  [C]incasethat   [D]solongas

8.[A]awareness [B]expectation   [C]sentiment     [D]illusion

9.[A]suitable   [B]excessive     [C]enough       [D]abundant

10.[A]about    [B]for               [C]on               [D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown                [C]subjected    [D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto     [B]consistentwith     [C]parallelwith  [D]peculiarto

13.[A]evidence   [B]guidance    [C]implication         [D]source

14.[A]disputable  [B]enlightening  [C]reliable        [D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast      [B]Forexample  [C]Inconsequence      [D]Asusual

16.[A]duly       [B]accidentally   [C]unpredictably      [D]suddenly

17.[A]failed     [B]ceased                [C]started        [D]continued

18.[A] Therefore    [B]Furthermore        [C]However        [D]Meanwhile

19.[A]attempted     [B] tended            [C]chose        [D]intended

20.[A]breaking   [B]climbing     [C]surpassing   [D]hitting

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

Text1

 OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

   Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

bit-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce

deemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.   

 WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaserousbusiness.andeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereaout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.'Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,'Newmanwrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine"journalism"as"atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare".'  

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.  

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?

Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyuphosteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedby

Afreethemes.

Bcasualstyle.

Celaboratelayout.

Dradicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldshawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

AItiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

BTheLostHorizoninNewspapers

CMournfulDeclineofJournalism

DProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。

Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”，saysDermis'D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。

TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness                         [B]theirconnectionwithasset