研究生英语多维教程探索课文原文及课后题课样本文档格式.docx

研究生英语多维教程探索课文原文及课后题课样本文档格式.docx

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FromanAmericanpointofview，ofcourse，itcouldbearguedthattheBritishspeakEnglishwithaspeechdeficiency.

EvenworseEnglish，however，isinuse.Anyonewhotravelsinforeigncountriesandobservesitonmenusandposters，inhotels，andindeedineverydaylifecantestifythatwhatusedtobetheking’slingohasbecomeintheseplacesbutapoorrelationthereof.Allowmetoelaborate.

ThetravelwriterPerrotPhillipshastakenpainstohighlightsomeofhisexperiences，whichIfeelshouldnotbewithheldfromawiderreadership.HereferstoaDutchbulbcataloguewhichpromisedcustomers“aspeedyexecution”andtoanEastBerlincloakroomsignthatrequestedgueststo“pleasehungyourselfhere.”Onehopesthatnobodytooktheadviceliterally.

TotheseIcanaddsomeofmyownexperiences，encounteredinlongyearsoftravelingtheworld.Therewas，forexample，theobservationinanOstendnoveltyshopthat“revoltingnewideas”werebeingmarketed，andtheboastofsomeBombaybakersthat“weareNo.1loafers，bestvaluesinwholetown.”

IrealizedhowfarChristinanityhadcomewhenIreadinHongKongthefollowingcallbyadentist：

TheteeththeyareextractedherebythelatestMethodists.

IfearitcannotbeansweredwithcertaintywhethertheseactuallyillustrateaprogressiveuseofEnglishoraresimplyreflectionsoflocalusages.Ifeelquitestrongly，however，thattheHaifaMedicalAssociationshouldhavepreventedoneofitsmembersfromclaimingonhisbrassplatethatheisa“SpecialistinWomenandOtherDiseases.”

Hotelsseemtorevelintheirmultilingualsigns.Onesupposesthesesignsweredesignedtofacilitatetheuseofmodernservicesinotherwisesterileandbarelyfunctionalestablishments.Nevertheless，theunsuspectingguestsconfrontedinaBrusselshotelwiththefollowinginstructionfortheuseofthelife（elevator）mightwellprefertowalk：

“Tomovethelife，pushbuttontowishingfloor.Ifthecabinshouldentermorepersons，eachoneshouldpushnumberofwishingfloor.Drivingisthengoingalphabeticallybynaturalorder.Buttonretainingpressedpositionshowsreceivedcommandforvisitingstation.”ThelesssophisticatednoticeinIstanbul（“Tocallroomservice，pleasetoopendoorandcallROOMSERVICE”）atleastdoesnotconfronttheguestwithelectronicsthatmightnotalwayswork.

InTurkey，thedelightin“straighttalk”expressesitselfintheby-now-famousAnkarabrochurewhichadvises，“VisitourrestaurantwhereyoucaneatMiddleEastfoodsinanEuropeanAmbulance.”AnoteonaSwissmenuthat“Ourwinesleavenothingtohopefor”wasequallyinviting.

EasternEuropeancourtesieshaveneverlefttheoncegrandhotelsoftheformerAustro-Hungarianempire.Anoticeinthehotelroomsthat“thehonouredguestsareinvitedtotakeadvantageofthechambermaidsfrom12-14o’clock”might，however，resultinsomeunplannedtrafficjams.ArecentMoscowexhibition’sannouncementdrewattentionto“ashowingof300paintingsbyRussianartists，mostofwhomwereexecutedinthelasttenyears”–hardlyawelcomingthoughttotheoccasionalvisitor.

ABangkoklaundry’sadvertisementtothevisitingpublic（“Leavingyourclotheshereandenjoyyourself”）couldalsobeseenasainvitationtoextracurricularactivitiesinthatFarEasterncapitaloffun.

InRome，alaundryadvertisedasimilarinvitation：

Ladies，leaveyourclotheshereandspendtheafternoonhavingagoodtime.

ItshouldnotsurprisethetravellerthatnightspotsadvertisetheirwaresinEuropeinmanyanddiverselanguage.TheGermanpreoccupationwithMajorcaledaMunichnightclubtocopyatrilingualPalmaannouncementthatdancingwasgoingoninwhatisindeedasurprisingway.Thenoticeread，“Baile！

Baile！

Baile!

”inSpanish，“Tanz！

Tanz！

Tanz!

”inGerman，and“Balls！

Balls！

Balls!

”inwhatwasmeanttobeEnglish.WearesparedtheupperBavarianversionoftheactivity.

TheBlackForestGermans，ontheotherhand，areknowntoberatherprudishintheiroutlook，butisitreallynecessarytopostasign：

“ItisstrictlyforbiddenonourBlackForestcampingsitethatpeopleofdifferentsexes，forexamplemenandwomen，livetogetherinonetentunlesstheyaremarriedwitheachotherforthatpurpose.”

Iamtoldthatfortheotherwiseunsuspectingtourist，thefollowingsignprovedarealcrowdpuller.ParrotPhillipsclaimsittobetruethatinanAustrianhotelroomhefoundthesign：

“Ifservicerequired，givetwostrokestothemaidandthreetothevalet.”

ThereareundoubtedlymoreandvariedversionsoftheuseofEnglish，unprotectedasourlanguageisfromtheinterferenceofemergingandambitiousentrepreneurs.Nevertheless，IpreferseeingEnglishdevelopasthelinguafrancaaroundtheworldratherthanbeingsuffocatedforthesakeofso-calledpuritybysomeill-advisedlegislativeprocess.

Unit2LiesandTruth

Whatistruth?

–andtheoppositequestionthatgoeswithit：

whatmakesalie?

Philosophers，teachers，andreligiousleadersfromallculturesandperiodsofhistoryhaveofferedmanyanswerstothesequestions.AmongEuro-North-Americanwriters，thereisgeneralagreementontwopoints.Thefirstisthatwhatwecalla“lie”mustbetoldintentionally–thatis，ifsomeonetellsanuntruthbuttheybelieveittobetrue，wedon’tconsiderthemaliar.Thesecondpointisthatpracticallyeveryonelies，andliesfrequently.Buttheretheagreementends.

Oneratherextremepointofviewisthatlyingisalwaysbadandthatweshouldtrytofindwaysavoiddoingit.Thereasonisthatlyinghurtsnotonlythelistener，butalsotheliar.Eachliemakesthenextoneeasiertotell，andtheliarcomesnotonlytodisrespectherself，buttomistrustothers，whomshebelieveswilllieaseasilyasshe.Inasociety，wherelyingiscommon，trustbecomesimpossible，andwithouttrust，cooperationcannotexist.Furthermore，bylyingtopeople，weremovetheirpowertomakeimportantchoicesabouthowtospendmoney，whatfuturecareertotake，whatmedicaltreatmenttotake.

Towardtheoppositeextremeisthepositionthatalthoughsomeliesareevil，manyothersarenot–infact，theyarenecessarytoholdoursocietytogether.Welieinharmlesswaystoprotectother’sfeelingsandtobetterourrelationship.Thesearenotliesthattrytohurtothers.Welaughattheboss’sjokewhichwehaveheardbeforeandwhichshedoesn’ttellverywell；

wepretendinterestinafriend’sstoryofsomethinguninterestingthathappenedtohim.Ifsomeoneasksusaquestionthatisverypersonalandisnoneoftheirbusiness，wemaylieinresponse.Sometimeswelietoprotectthereputationoreventhelifeofanotherperson.Onalargerscale，governmentmayprotectnationalsecuritybylying.

Eachpersonseemstohavesomepointatwhichtheydrawthelinebetweenanacceptablelieandabadlie.Obviously，thispointvariesfromindividualtoindividualandfromculturetoculture.Asometimespainfulpartofgrowingupisrealizingthatnoteveryonesharesyourownindividualdefinitionofhonesty.Yourparentsandyourculturemayteachyouthatliarssuffer，butasyougothroughlife，youfindthatoftentheydon’t：

infact，dishonestpeopleoftenseemtoprospermorethanhonestones.Whatareyoutodowiththisrealization?

Itmaymakeyourmoralbeliefslookweakandsillyincomparison，andyoumaybegintoquestionthem.Ittakesagreatdealofstrengthandcouragetocontinuelivinganhonestlifeinthefaceofsuchreality.

Littlewhitelies：

Thisisournameforliesthatweconsiderharmlessandsociallyacceptable.Theyareusuallytoldtoprotecttheliarorthefeelingsofthelistener.Mostofthemwouldbeconsideredsociallies，andtheyincludeapologiesandexcuses：

“Itriedtocallyou，butyourlinewasbusy.”“You’rekidding！

Youdon’tlooklikeyou’vegainedapound.”Somepeople，however，wouldconsideritacceptabletolietosavethemselvesfromresponsibilityinabusinesstransaction：

“AfterIgothome，Inoticedthatitwasbroken，soI’mreturningitandwouldlikemymoneyback.”

Occasionallya“littlewhitelie”mayhaveaveryprofoundeffectonthelivesofthelisteners，andmayevenbackfire.AuthorStephanieErcssontellsofthewell-meaningU.S.Armysergeantwhotoldalieaboutoneofhismenwhohadbeenkilledinaction.Thesergeantreportedthemanas“missinginaction,”notkilled，sothatthemilitarywouldcontinuesendingmoneytothedeadman’sfamilyeverymonth.Whathedidn’tconsiderwasthatbecauseofhislie，thefamilycontinuedtoliv