英语教学法复习题English Teaching MethodologyWord文档格式.docx
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(7)assessment(评估);
Thecollectingofinformationofalearner’slearningprogressandachievementoveraperiodoftimeforthepurposeofimprovingteachingandlearning.Notbasedononetestoronetask,noronamarkorgrade.
(8)evaluation;
Thesystematicgatheringofinformationforthepurposeofmakingdecisions(Weiss,1972).
(9)validity(有效正确);
Theextenttowhichinferencesmadefromassessmentresultsareappropriate,meaningful,andusefulintermsofthepurposeoftheassessment.Atestmeasureswhatitissupposedtomeasure.
(10)reliability;
Theextenttowhichtheresultscanbeconsideredconsistent(一致的)orstable.
Atestisreliableifitgivesthesameresultswhenitisgivenondifferentoccasionsorwhenitisusedbydifferentpeople.
(12)Washback(反驳作用);
Theeffectthattestshaveonlearningandteaching.Itcanbebeneficial(positive)ordetrimental(negative).
(13)Portfolios(学习档案袋);
Apurposefulcollectionofstudents’workthatdemonstratestostudentsandotherstheirefforts,progress,andachievementsingivenareasoveraperiodoftime(Genesee&
Upshur,1996).
(14)linguisticcompetence(语言能力).
Linguisticcompetenceisthesystemoflinguisticknowledgepossessedbynativespeakersofalanguage.Itisincontrasttotheconceptoflinguisticperformance,thewaythelanguagesystemisusedincommunication.
PartIIShort-answerquestionsandDiscussions.
1.GivethedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.
AmericanEnglishisevolvedfromBritishEnglish.Butthedifferencesbetweenthemarenoticeable.
Thedifferencesbetweenthem:
①.Vocabulary
a.PastSimple/PastParticiples
b.Prepositions
②Pronunciation
(1)[æ
]—[ɑ:
]:
(2)[ɑ:
]—[ɔ]:
(3)
[il]-[l]
(4)[u:
]—[ju:
(5)[i:
]—[ai]:
(6)thesameword
③.Spelling(suffix)拼写(后缀)
④.Grammar语法
(1)Useofpresentperfecttenseandsimplepasttense.现在完成式和一般过去式
(2)Verbagreementandcollectivenouns主谓一致和集合名词
(3)Pasttenseforms.过去时态的形式
Firstofall,thedifferenceisvocabulary.Thefollowingverbshavetwoacceptableformsofthepastsimple/pastparticipleinbothAmericanandBritishEnglish,however,theirregularformisgenerallymorecommoninBritishEnglish(thefirstformofthetwo)andtheregularformismorecommontoAmericanEnglish.
(1)PastSimple/PastParticiples
⏹DreamdreamtORdreamed
⏹LeanleantORleaned
⏹LearnlearntORlearned
⏹SmellsmeltORsmelled
⏹SpellspeltORspelled
⏹SpillspiltORspilled
⏹BurnBurntORburned
(2)Prepositions
⏹AmericanEnglish-ontheweekend
BritishEnglish-attheweekend
⏹AmericanEnglish-onateam
BritishEnglish-inateam
⏹AmericanEnglish-pleasewritemesoon
BritishEnglish-pleasewritetomesoon
Secondary,thedifferenceispronunciation.Sometimesweusuallysoftenordon’treadthevowel(especiallythe[ə]or[i])intheunstressedsyllableoutinBritishEnglish,whileweshouldreadallvowelsoutintheAmericanEnglish.SoAmericansspeakmoreslowlyandclearlythantheBritishpeople.DifferencesinpronunciationbetweenAmericanEnglish(AmE)andBritishEnglish(BrE)canbedividedinto:
⏹Differencesinaccent(i.e.phonemeinventoryandrealisation).SeedifferencesbetweenGeneralAmericanandReceivedPronunciationforthestandardaccentsintheUnitedStatesandBritain;
forinformationaboutotheraccentsseeregionalaccentsofEnglishspeakers.
⏹Differencesinthepronunciationofindividualwordsinthelexicon(i.e.phonemedistribution).Inthisarticle,transcriptionsuseReceivedPronunciation(RP)torepresentBrEandGeneralAmerican(GAm)andtorepresentAmE.
Whentheletter“a”comesbefore-s,-f,-th,-lf,-ph,-n,etc.wepronounce[æ
]inAm.E,while[ɑ:
]inBr.E.
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Whenthevowelletter“o”comesafterastressedclosedsyllableinaplosive,weusuallypronounceit[ɔ]inthestandardBr.E,while[ɑ:
]inAr.E.
Wepronounce[il]or[l]inAr.Ewhile[ail]inBr.Ewhenthewordsendwith–ile.
Americanspronounce[u:
]whileBritishpeople[ju:
]when“u”and“new”comeafter
n-,d-,t-etc.
Wepronouncethemonogram“ei”[i:
]inAm.Ewhile[ai:
]inBr.E.
(6)Eventhoughthesameword,therearesomepronunciationdifferencesinAm.EandBr.E.
Thirdly,thedifferenceisspelling.IntheUnitedStates’developmentoflanguage,spellinghaveoccurredinasimilarmovementofoursimplifiedcharacters(ThesimplifiedSpellingMovement),deletethewordspellinginsomeofthelettersarenotpronounced.
(1)Theaphonicsuffixsuchas-me,-ueintheEnglishwordsaredeletedintheAmericanspelling.
⏹Kilogrammekilogram
⏹programmeprogram
⏹cataloguecatalog
⏹dialoguedialog
⏹prologueprolog
(2)Thereare“our”attheendofthewordsandtheaphonicletter“u”isdeletedintheAmericanspelling.
⏹Behaviourbehavior
⏹colourcolor
⏹honourhonor
⏹labourlabor
(3)Thesuffix“re”whichisread[ə]become“er”.
⏹centrecenter
⏹fibrefiber
⏹metremeter
⏹theatretheater
(4)Thesuffix“ence”whichisread[ns]become“ense”.
⏹defencedefense
⏹offenceoffense
⏹licencelicense
⏹pretencepretense
(5)Thesuffix“ise”becomes”ize”.
⏹criticisecriticize
⏹organizeorganize
⏹realiserealize
⏹recogniserecognize
⏹standardisestandardize
(6)Double“L”intheBritishEnglishwordsbecomes“L”intheAmericanEnglishwords
⏹councilorcouncilor
⏹counsellorcounselor
⏹jewellerjeweler
⏹marvellousmarvelous
⏹parcelledparceled
⏹travellingtraveling
(7)Someoneelse.
⏹Chequecheck
⏹Gaoljail
⏹kerbcurb
⏹moustachemustache
⏹ploughplow
⏹pyjamaspajamas
⏹skepticalskeptical
⏹
erarerrubber
Fourthly,thedifferenceisgrammar.
(1)Useofpresentperfecttenseandsimplepasttense.
SpeakersofAmericanEnglishgenerallyusethepresentperfecttense(have/has+pastparticiple)farlessthanspeakersofBritishEnglish.InspokenAmericanEnglishitisverycommontousethesimplepasttenseasanalternativeinsituationswherethepresentperfectwouldusuallyhavebeenusedinBritishEnglish.
(2)Verbagreementwithcollectivenouns.InBritishEnglishcollectivenouns,(i.e.nounsreferringtoparticulargroupsofpeopleorthings),(e.g.staff,government,class,team)canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverbdependingonwhetherthegroupisthoughtofasoneidea,orasmanyindividuals,e.g.:
Myteamiswinning.Theotherteamisallsittingdown.
InAmericanEnglishcollectivenounsarealwaysfollowedbyasingularverb,soanAmericanwouldusuallysay:
Whichteamislosing?
WhereasinBritishEnglishbothpluralandsingularformsoftheverbarepossible,asin:
Whichteamis/arelosing?
(3)Pasttenseforms.
BelowisatableshowingverbswhichhavedifferentsimplepastandpastparticipleformsinAmericanandBritishEnglish.
Notethattheirregularpastformsburnt,dreamtandspoiltarepossibleinAmericanEnglish,butlesscommonthantheformsendingin-ed.
infinitive
simplepast(Br)
simplepast(Am)
pastparticiple(Br)
pastparticiple(Am)
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
bust
busted
busted
dive
dived
dove/dived
dived
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
get
got
gotten
lean
leaned/leant
leaned
leaned
learn
learned/learnt
learned
learned
plead
pleaded
pleaded/pled
pleaded/pled
prove
proved
proved/proven
saw
sawed
sawn
sawn/sawed
smell
smelled/smelt
smelled
smelled
2.ThecharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish
(1)ReservationoftheancientEnglishfeatures
Itretainsandrevivesmanyofthewordsinthathavealreadybecome"
obsolete"
inBritishEnglish,suchas
“Iguess“,“Ithink”,“Isuppose”,“Ibelieve”.Also,theAmericanEnglishhasreservdmanyvivid,imaginativeancientwords,suchas:
“fall”,meaning"
autumn"
derivingfrom“thefallofleaves(deciduousseason)”.
Inaddition,comparedwithLondonaccent,AmericanEnglishpronunciationisalittleold-fashionedwithsometypicalfeaturesoftheBritishEnglishinthe17thand18thcentury.Forexample,theretentionofretroflexR.
(2)Richcreativity
Createsomenewwordsthatdonotexistatall.
Instances:
pizzazz(时髦派头的人);
blackhole(黑洞);
spacewalk(太空行走);
Basedontheoldwords,itcreatenewwordsbyfreeuseofaffixes,orblending(andinversemethod