谢莉考试图书馆理论与实践Word文件下载.docx

谢莉考试图书馆理论与实践Word文件下载.docx

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Secondgenerationsearchengines（since1998）likeGoogleuseoffpage,Web-relateddata,suchaslinkanalysis,anchor-texts固定,andclick-throughdata.点击数据

Thethirdgenerationofsearchengines（since2003）trytoblend混合datafrommultiple,多样性heterogeneous多项，多种sources,tryingtoanswer“theneedbehindthequery”疑问.

DLDream

Thedreamofdigitallibraries:

everypersonintheworldwillhaveinstant直接的accesstotheinformationthathe/sheneedsindigitalformwithminimum少量的effortandcosts.

ASimpleComparison比较

Fromatraditionallibrarian'

spointofview,digitallibrariespresentatransformative变化的、有改革能力的modelofalarge-scale大规模,user-centric用户为中心organizationthatismovingtowardsanintegrated集成的formwithvariouscomponents组件.

However,themainpurposeofdigitallibrariesremainsconsistent组合withthatoftraditionallibrariesinthat所以thepurposeofdigitallibrariesistoorganize,组织distribute分布,andpreserveinformationresourcesjustasitisfortraditionallibraries.

DLDefinition

Digitallibrarieshavebeendefineddifferentlybyresearchersandpractitioners实践者.Twomajorcategoriesofdefinitionsareavailable,onefocusingontheaccessandretrieval检索、恢复ofdigitalcontent目录、内容andtheotherfocusingonthecollection,organizationandserviceaspectsofdigitallibraries.Definitionsthatfallintothefirstcategorycomemainlyfromresearcherswhoarecomputerscientistsandengineers,whilethoseinthesecondcategorycomemainlyfromlibraryandinformationprofessionals.

Ahybrid混合libraryhasbeendefinedasalibrarywheredigitalandprintedinformationresourcesco-existandarebroughttogetherinanintegrated综合的informationserviceaccessiblelocallyaswellasremotely远程的（HyLife,2002a）.

1、IEEE电气与电子工程师协会CAIAWorkshop车间onIntelligentAccess智能访问toOn-lineDigitalLibraries1994:

Adigitallibraryisanassemblage装配、集合ofdigitalcomputing,storage仓库,andcommunicationsmachinery交流工具togetherwiththecontent目录、内容andsoftwareneededtoreproduce再生,emulate仿真,andextendtheservicesprovidedbyconventional老套的librariesbasedonpaperandothermaterialmeansofcollecting收集,cataloging分类,finding检索,anddisseminating传播information.

2、Aworkingdefinitionofdigitallibrary

"

Digitallibrariesareorganizationsthatprovidetheresources,includingthespecializedstaff专业人员,toselect,选择structure结构化,offerintellectualaccess智能访问to,interpret解释说明,distribute,preserve保护theintegrity完整、真实of,andensurethepersistence持久性overtimeofcollectionsofdigitalworkssothattheyarereadily容易的andeconomically有经济效益availableforusebyadefinedcommunity一个特定的群体orsetofcommunities多个群体.”

—DigitalLibraryFederation联合会（DLF）,1998

3、IFLADL公共图书馆服务发展指南

IFLA:

InternationalFederation联邦、联盟ofLibraryAssociations协会andInstitutions体系

Toemploy雇用、使用thefullestpotential潜能，可能性ofdigitaltechnologyinpartnership合作伙伴withusersbyenablingseamless无缝的andopenaccesstoalltypesofinformationwithoutlimitstoformat格式化、设计、安排orgeography地理、地图,andtoenhance强化theabilityoflibraries,archives档案馆andmuseums博物馆tocollaborate合作amongthemselvesandwithotherstoofferthebroadest最广泛的andmostcompleteservicepossible.

4、IFLA/UNESCO联合国教科文组织Manifesto宣告forDLs

Acollaborative合作的digitallibraryallowspublicandresearchlibrariestoformanetwork网络ofdigitalinformationinresponseto应对theneedsoftheInformationSociety.Thesystemsofallpartnersinacollaborativedigitallibrarymustbeabletointeroperate互操作.

Adigitallibrarycomplements补充、互补品digitalarchives档案andinitiatives积极性、主动权forthepreservation保存ofinformationresources.

Adigitallibraryisanonlinecollectionofdigitalobjects,ofassuredquality质量有保证的,thatarecreatedorcollectedandmanaged安排、计划accordingtointernationallyacceptedprinciplesforcollectiondevelopmentandmadeaccessibleinacoherent连贯的、一致的andsustainable持续的manner方式、习惯,supportedbyservicesnecessarytoallowuserstoretrieve检索数据andexploit开发theresources.

Adigitallibraryformsanintegral整体的partoftheservicesofalibrary,applying应用newtechnologytoprovideaccesstodigitalcollections.Withinadigitallibrarycollectionsarecreated,managedandmadeaccessibleinsuchawaythattheyarereadilyandeconomically经济上availableforusebyadefinedcommunityorsetofcommunities.

DLCharacteristics

1.Digitallibrariesmaycontainavarietyofdigitalinformationresourcesrangingfromtexttoimage,audioandvideo.文本、音频、视频

2.Digitallibrarieslargelyreducetheneedforthephysicalspace物理空间requiredforbuildingandmaintainingtraditionallibraries.

3.Digitallibraryusersmaybedistributedanywhereintheworld,andinsomecasesseveraldifferentlevelsofserviceshavetobedesignedtomeettheneedsoflocalaswellasremoteusers.不分距离

4.Unlikeintraditionallibraries,digitallibraryusersmaybuildtheirownpersonalcollection（s）byusingthefacilitiesprovidedbydigitallibraries.使用者可以建立自己的收藏

5.Digitallibrariesprovideaccesstovarioustypesofinformationresourcesthatmayreside属于ondifferentservers服务器aroundtheglobe,andhence因此infrastructure基础设施,interoperability互操作性andsoon,areverycriticalissues关键问题indigitallibrarydevelopmentandmanagement.

6.Severaluserscanusethesameinformationresourceatthesametime,whichisnotpossibleinatraditionallibrary.

7.Digitallibrarieshavebroughtaparadigmshift思考模式的转移notonlyintheuseofinformation（fromprinttodigital）,butalsointheconceptofownership.Mostdigitallibrariesprovideaccesstomaterialsthattheydonotown;

someofthismaybeavailableforfreeandsomeprovideduponpaymentofafee.

8.Librarieshaveformanyyearsusedcollectiondevelopmentpoliciesasexcellentfiltering过滤mechanisms机制、机构.Collectiondevelopmentpolicieshavelargelybeenguidedbytheprincipleof'

thebest[information]fortherightuserattherighttime'

.Thisrolewillbeevenmorecrucialinthedigitalworld,sincetheretheproblemisnotavailabilityofinformationbut'

informationoverload.经过过滤的信息

9.Inordertofulfil履行、实行thedreamofbuildingatrulyglobalinformationinfrastructure基础设施,digitallibrariesshouldbeabletohandlemultilingual使用多种语言的informationresources.

10.Digitallibrariespresuppose假定、预设theabsenceofhumanintermediaries中介,andhence因此appropriatemechanisms适当的机制shouldbeputinplacetosupportuserswithallthedifferentlevelsofIT,subjectandlinguistic语言skills.

11.Digitallibrariesshouldallowforbettersearchingandretrieval检索facilities.Digitalinformationcanbeviewedandusedbydifferentpeopleaccordingtotheirindividualneeds.

12.Digitallibrariesbreaktime,spaceandlanguagebarriers.Ideally,usersfromanywhereintheworldshouldbeabletouseadigitallibraryatanytimeandpossiblyinanylanguage.

5SDLFramework

Streams数据流,Structures结构,Spaces空间,Scenarios情节，脚本,andSocieties社会（5S）:

AFormalDigitalLibraryFrameworkandItsApplications应用程序

（MarcosAndreGonccalvesDissertation论文submitted主张totheFaculty教员oftheVirginiaPolytechnicInstitute维吉尼亚理工学院andStateUniversityinpartialfulfilment部分实现oftherequirementsforthedegreeofDoctorofPhilosophyinComputerScienceandApplications）定义来源

Streams

Streamsaresequencesofelementsofanarbitrarytype任意类型的元素序列（e.g.,bits,characters,images,位、字符、图像etc.）.

Inthissense,theycanmodelbothstaticanddynamiccontent规范静态内容和动态内容.

Thefirstincludes,forexample,textualmaterial文字材料,whilethelatermightbe,forexample,apresentationofadigitalvideo,orasequenceoftimeandpositional位置data（e.g.,fromaGPS）foramovingobject.

Structures

Astructurespecifies指定thewayinwhichpartsofawholearearrangedororganized.

Indigitallibraries,structurescanrepresenthypertexts,taxonomies,systemconnections,userrelationships,andcontainment超文本、分类法、系统连接、用户关系、控制.

Books,forexamplecanbestructuredlogicallyintochapters,sections,subsections,andparagraphs;

orphysicallyintocover,pages,linegroups（paragraphs）,andlines.结构化逻辑为章、节、小节,和段落,或物理上分为,页,行组织（段落）,和线条

Structuringorients面向readerswithinadocument’sinformation.

Spaces

Aspaceisasetofobjects对象togetherwithoperationsonthoseobjectsthatobeycertainconstraints.

Digitallibrariesmaymodel模仿traditionallibrariesbyusingvirtualrealityspaces虚拟现实空间orenvironments

Spacesforcomputer-supportedcooperativeworkprovideacontextforvirtualmeetingsandcollaborations协作。

Digitallibrariescanusemanytypesofspacesforindexing索引,visualizing可视化,andotherservicestheyperform.

Scenarios

Ascenario情景，脚本canbeastorythatdescribespossiblewaystouseasystemtoaccomplishsomefunctionthatauserdesires需要.

Scenariosareusefulaspartoftheprocessofdesigninginformationsystems.

Scenariostellwhathappenstothestreams,inthespaces,andthroughthestructures.

Forexample,userscenariosdescribeoneormoreusersengagedinsomemeaningfulactivitywithanexistingorenvisioned展望、预想system.

Takentogetherthescenariosdescribeservices,activities,tasks,andthoseultimately根本specify列举、详细说明thefunctionalities功能ofadigitallibrary.

Societies

Asocietyisasetofentities一组实体an