自考国际商务英语复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx

自考国际商务英语复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx

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Afirmleasetherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Suchastrademarks,brandnames,patents,copyrightortechnology.

6.Non-tariffbarrier非关税壁垒

Allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltradeotherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.

7.Portfolio证券

Theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling.

8.Turnkeycontract交钥匙工程

Oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagreetosupply,atthecontractprice,acompleteproductreadyforuse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.

9.Contractmanufacturing承包生产

Afirmcanconcentrateontheirstrongestpartinthevaluechain.

11.Majordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.

Ans:

Differencesin

（1）legalsystem

（2）currencies

（3）culturalbackground:

language,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.

（4）naturalandeconomicconditions

12.Majortypesofinternationalbusiness

（1）trade:

A.commoditytradeB.servicetrade

（2）Investment:

（difference）

A.foreigndirectinvestment（FDI外国直接投资）

（ismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.）

B.portfolioinvestment证券投资

（referstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.）

（3）othertypes:

A.licensing&

franchising

（incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandlicensee,franchiser

hasmorecontroloverandprovidemoresupportforthefranchisee.）

B.managementcontract&

contractmanufacturing

C.turnkeyproject&

BOT（makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiod）

13.Whydofirmschooselicensingasameansofenteringaforeignmarket?

（1）donothavetomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness;

（2）receiveincomeintheformofroyalty;

（3）benefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.

14.Underwhatconditionismanagementcontractmostapplicable?

Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsidersto

beofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation.Aforeigncompany

tooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.

Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket

1.PPP购买力平价--purchasingpowerparity

Purchasingpower购买力ofpersons,thepublic,havingthemoneytobuygoodsandservices.

2.Recipient接受者apersonoranorganizationetc.thatreceivessomething.

3.Infrastructure基础设施

large-scalepublicservices,suchaswaterandpowersupplies,road,railandradiocommunications,etc.Neededtosupporteconomicactivity,esp.industry,tradeandcommerce.

4.GNP---refertothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyand

laborownedbytheresidentofaneconomy.（国民生产总值）

（focusesonownershipofthefactorsofproduction）

GDP---refertothemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthe

geographicareaofaneconomy.（国内生产总值）

（concentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakeplace）

5.CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankinto3categories:

（1）high-incomecountries（percapitaincomeof$9,386andabove）:

A.OECD（theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）

B.RichoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast（Kuwait,SaudiArabia&

ArabEmirates）

C.Small-industrializedcountriesorregions（Israel,Singapore,HKandTaiwan）

（2）middle-incomecountries（percapitaincomebellow$9,386butabove$765）

A.6OECDmembers（Czech,Greece,Hungary,MexicoandTurkey）

B.-a.SomeLatinAmericancountries

-b.SomeAsiacountries（China,Indonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippinesandThailand）

-c.SomeSouthAfricanandoil-producingcountries（Libya,Nigeria,Algeria）

（3）low-incomecountries（percapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless）

Include:

mostAfricancountries,someAsiacountriesandafewLatinAmericancountries.

6.High-incomecountriesoftenhave:

（1）goodinfrastructure

（2）highpurchasingpower（3）advancedtechnology

（4）efficientmanagement

（5）favorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment

A.Offerprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoods

B.Arebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment

7.Low-incomecountriesshouldnotbeneglectedininternationalbusinessactivities:

（1）lower-pricedstaplegoods

（2）cheaplabor

（3）areoftenrichinresources（4）marketissomethingtobedeveloped

8.Inwhatway,GDP&

percapitaincomesignificantinassessing（评估）thepotentialofaparticularmarket:

（1）GDPisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipment耐用设备orbulkgoods大宗货物,suchasgrain谷物,steel,orcement水泥.（indicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy）

（2）Percapitaincomeisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.（revealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers）

9.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1,100isamiddle-incomecountries

thoughiswasalowincomecountriesjustafewyearsago.

10.ThebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunitiesis

whereveradvantageouswhilekeepinginmindthekeymarkets.

11.Triad---referstothe3richestregionoftheworld（theUnitedStates,theEUandJapan）.

Quad---extendthescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadened

groupingQuad.

12.OECD（theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment）经济合作发展组织

headquartersinParis,establishedin1963,have29members（23membersarehigh-incomecountries&

6middle-incomecountries）.

Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntergration

1.Majorobjectiveofregionalintegration

Tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources,countrieshavesignedvariousagreementtoliberalizetradeamongthemselveswhileputtingupbarrierstoeconomicactivitieswithnon-members.

2.Thecharacteristicsofacommonmarket

（1）Freetradearea自由贸易区

membersofafreetraderemovesbarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.（differentmembersmayhavedifferenttariffratesorquotarestrictions.）

Themostnotable（largestmarket）freetradeareaisNAFTA（theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement）,formedbytheUnitedStated,Canada,Mexicoin1991.

（2）Customsunion关税同盟

byadopting（采取）thesametradepolicyforallmemberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishing（废除）tradebarriersamongthemselves.（It'

simpossiblefornon-memberstogetintothemarketofthecustomsunioninadetour（以迂回方式）astheypossiblydointhecaseoftradewithafreetradearea.）

（3）Commonmarket共同市场

theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast

A.Freemovementofgoodsandservices

B.Adoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy

C.Freemovementofthefactorofproduction（suchaslabor,capital,andtechnology）

It'

shardtosayindividualmemberswillalwaysbenefit,stilllesstoexpectthemtoenjoytheadvantageoffactormobilitytothesamedegree.

（4）Economicunion经济同盟

A.ischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.

（notonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.butalsousethesamecurrency.）

B.themembercountriesarerequiretosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty,whichiserodingthetraditionoftheworldpoliticalsystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.

3.ThedevelopmentofEU（theEuropeanUnion）欧盟:

1952---ECSC（theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity）

Formoreambitiousintegrationefforts.

1957---EEC（theEuropeanEconomicCommunity）---TreatyofRomesigned

Aimtorealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellas

harmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthemembercountries.

1967---EC（theEuropeancommunity）--becameaturecommonmarketasevisagedby

theSingleEuropeanAct

formedbyemrgingEEC,ECSCandEURATOM（theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity）

1994---EU--thestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty---12members

（6signatoriesoftheTreatyofRome:

France,Germany,Italy,Belgium,NetherlandsandLuxemburg

+1973.Britain,IslandandDenmark+1981.Greece+1986.SpainandPortugal）

1995---15members（+Austria,FinlandandSweden）

1999---usethecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsettlement

2002---eurobanknotesandcoinwereputintocirculation.

4.TheEUisafull-fledged（齐全的）entity.

---composedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.

---thecommissionersappointedbymembergovernments,butthecommissionersarere