张梦嘉论文Word文档格式.docx

张梦嘉论文Word文档格式.docx

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中国文化概览

任课教师：

杨昆

班级：

旅游英语1301S

跨文化交际中的主要障碍及对策

（只要英文标题，单独一页）

摘要（居中）

随着经济全球化的日益发展，中国与外界的交往日趋频繁。

然而，不同国家和民族有着不同的语言和文化，人们更关注的是语言的不同，往往忽视了交际中的文化差异。

跨文化交际中出现的种种问题不但会直接影响交际的顺利进行，甚至会产生误解和敌意，产生灾难性的的结果。

因此，总结跨文化交际中的种种障碍，分析障碍产生的原因，以及研究如何有效地客服交际障碍的策略，这不仅仅是需要中国的外语教育工作者不断研究和探索，更需要全社会的共同参与和关注，毕竟跨文化交际对促进国家和地区间的社会、经济、文化的交流具有极为重要的现实意义。

本文从跨文化交际的内涵和意义入手，分析和探讨了跨文化交际中存在的主要障碍，并通过对跨文化交际实例，特别是日常用语的分析，阐述了障碍产生的原因和消极影响，最后提出了如何克服这些障碍，实现有效的跨文化沟通的基本策略。

通过掌握这些策略，可以逐步提高我们的跨文化意识，成功地进行跨文化交际。

关键词：

跨文化交际；

障碍；

策略

（单独一页）

（英文摘要单独一页）

CONTENTS

Introduction:

1

1.InterculturalCommunication1

1.1Communication1

1.1.1DefinitionofCommunication1

1.1.2ComponentsofCommunication1

1.1.3CharacteristicsofCommunication………………………………………………….2

1.2Culture3

1.2.1DefinitionofCulture3

1.2.2ComponentsofCulture3

1.2.3CharacteristicsofCulture3

1.3InterculturalCommunication4

1.3.1DefinitionofInterculturalCommunication4

1.3.2TheDevelopmentofInterculturalCommunication5

1.3.3TheStudyofInterculturalCommunication5

2.ObstaclestoInterculturalCommunication6

2.1AssumingSimilarity7

2.1.1DefinitionofAssumingSimilarity…………………………………………………..7

2.1.2ThePerformanceofAssumingSimilarity…………………………………………..7

2.1.3TheFormingReasonofAssumingSimilarity………………………………………8

2.2Stereotypes9

2.2.1DefinitionofStereotypes9

2.2.2ThePerformanceofStereotypes9

2.2.3TheImpactofStereotypes10

2.3Ethnocentrism…………………………………………………………………………..11

2.3.1DefinitionofEthnocentrism……………………………………………………….11

2.3.2ThePerformanceofEthnocentrism………………………………………………..11

2.3.3TheImpactofEthnocentrism……………………………………………………...13

3.StrategiesforCopingWithTheObstacles……………………………………………….14

3.1KnowingYourself………………………………………………………………………14

3.1.1KnowYourCulture………………………………………………………………..14

3.1.2KnowYourPersonalAttitudes……………………………………………………..15

3.1.3KnowYourCommunicationStyle…………………………………………………15

3.2KnowingtheCulturalSettings………………………………………………………….16

3.2.1Timing……………………………………………………………………………...16

3.2.2PhysicalSetting……………………………………………………………………17

3.2.3Customs……………………………………………………………………………17

3.3DevelopingEmpathy…………………………………………………………………...18

3.3.1DefinitionofEmpathy……………………………………………………………..18

3.3.2HindrancestoEmpathy……………………………………………………………18

3.3.3ImprovingEmpathy………………………………………………………………..19

4.Conclusion20

Bibliography……………………………………….………………………………………22

Introduction（居中）

Wearenowinaworld,whichissometimesreferredtoasa“globalvillage”.Withtherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade,improvedtechnologiesofcommunicationandthetendencyofglobalization，moreandmoreexchangesaretakingplaceinternationallyinalmosteveryline,whichmaycallforabetterstudyoninterculturalcommunicationinordertohelpthoseinterculturalactivitiesresultinbettereffects.

（至少一页到两页，字数不够。

写选题意义，研究现状，你的研究方法）

.InterculturalCommunication

1.1.Communication

1.1.1.DefinitionofCommunication

Itisdifficulttofindasingledefinitionofhumancommunication.Beingconcernedwiththeinterculturaldimensionsofcommunication,weassenttothedefinitionadvancedbyRubinandStewart:

”Humancommunicationistheprocessthroughwhichindividuals—inrelationships,groups,organizations,andsocieties—respondtoandcreatemessagestoadapttotheenvironmentandoneanother（RubinandStewart1998）.”

Communication—ourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings—isthebasisofallhumancontacts.WhetherweliveinacityintheUSA,avillageinIndia,acommuneinIsrael,weallparticipateinthesameactivitywhenwecommunicate.Theresultsandthemethodsmightbedifferent,buttheprocessisthesame.

1.1.2.ComponentsofCommunication

Allcommunicationcontainssixbasiccomponents.Firstisthesource.Asourceisasenderofinformation.Heorshecouldsendamessagewithorwithoutknowinghisorheractionswerecommunication.

Thesecondcomponentisencoding,whichdescribestheproducingofasymbolicmessage.Encodingisaninternalactivityinwhichverbalandnonverbalsymbolsareselectedandarranged.Itistheprocessoftranslatinganalreadyconceivedideaintoamessageappropriatefortransmissiontoareceiver.

Thethirdcomponent,amessage,istheproductionofencoding.Themessageisasetofverbalandnonverbalsymbolsthatrepresentsthefeelingsandideasofthesender.Italsoincludessymbolicmessagesthatthesenderistotallyunawareofhavingsent.

Channelisthefourthcommunicationcomponent.Thechannelprovidesthatnecessaryconnectionbetweenthecommunicationparticipants.Theprimarychannelsaresoundandsight.Thedegreetowhichanindividualreliesononechanneloranotherisoftenaproductofculture.

Receiveristhefifthcomponent.Thereceiveristhepersonorpersonswhocomeintocontactwiththemessage.Receiversmaybethoseforwhomthesenderintendedortheymaybeotherswho,forwhateverreasons,comeintocontactwiththemessage.

Decodingisthesixthcomponent.Inthedecodingprocess,thereceiverinterpretswhatheorshebelievesthesourcemeantbythemessagetransmitted.Thisoperationisakintothesource’sactofencodingsinceitisalsoaninternalactivity—anactivityoftenreferredtoasinformationprocessing.

1.1.3.CharacteristicsofCommunication

Communicationisadynamicprocess.Itmeansthatcommunicationisanongoingactivity.Itislikeamotionpicture,notasinglesnapshot.Asinglewordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenwecommunicate;

itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Onceawordoranactionisemployed,itcannotberetracted.Whatissaidcannotbeunsaid.Andwhatisdonecannotbeundone.

Communicationissymbolic.Humansaresymbol-makingcreatures.Weareabletogenerate,receive,store,andmanipulatesymbols.Weemploysymbolstoshareourinternalstates.Ourwordsandactionsareothersetsofsymbolsthroughwhichweconveyourmessages,ideasandfeelingstootherpeople.

Communicationhasaconsequence.Thischaracteristicimpliesthatwhenwereceiveamessage,somethinghappenstous.Italsomeansthatallofourmessages,inonedegreeoranotherdoessomethingtosomeoneelse.Wecannotsendmessageswithoutinfluencingotherpeople.Thisisnotaphilosophicalormetaphysicaltheorybutabiologicalfact.Itisimpossiblenottorespondtothesoundsandactionsofothers.

1.2.Culture

1.2.1.DefinitionofCulture

TherearemorethanonehundreddefinitionsoftheEnglishwordcultureofferedbyresearchersfromdifferentperspectives.SamovarandPorterevolvedadefinitionfromtheperspectiveofinterculturalcommunication:

Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving（SamovarandPorter1991）.

Cultureismentalprogramming,ittellsusfromearlychildhoodwhatmatters,whattoprefer,whattoavoid,andwhattodo.Itgivesusassumptionsabouttheidealbeyondwhatindividualsmayexperience.Itestablishescodesforbehaviorandprovidesjustificationandlegitimizationforthatbehavior.

1.2.2.ComponentsofCulture

Inspiteofthelackofagreementononedefinitiononculture,mostscholars,Chineseandforeign,seemtoagreethatcultureincludesthreemajoraspects.AlmaneyandAlwansubmittedthreecategoriesofcultureelements:

Culturesmaybeclassifiedbythreelargecategoriesofelements:

artifacts（whichincludeitemsrangingfromarrowheadstohydrogenbombs,magiccharmstoantibiotic,torchestoelectriclights,andchariotstojetplanes）;

concepts（whichincludesuchbeliefsorvaluesystemsasrightorwrong,Godandman,ethics,andthegeneralmeaningoflife）;

andbehaviors（whichrefertotheactualpracticeofconceptsorbeliefs）（RogersandSteinfatt1999）.

Thereisanexcellentexampleofhowthesethreeaspectsmightbereflectedwithinaculture.Whereasmoneyisconsideredanartifact,thevalueplaceduponitisaconcept,buttheactualspendingandsavingofmoneyisbehavior.

1.2.3.CharacteristicsofCulture

Cultureislearned.Cultureisnotsomethingwearebornwith.Frominfancyon,membersofaculturelearntheirpatternsofbehaviorandwaysofthinkinguntiltheyhavebecomeinternalized.Peoplelearntothink,act,feelandbelievewhattheircultureconsidersproper.Forinstance,humansneedfood.Butwhattoeat,when,whereandhowtoeatislearned.That’swhyweusechopstickswhilewesternerspreferknifeandfork,andwhywelikericewhileAmericanspreferbread.

Cultureissubjecttochange.Cultures,onceformed,arestable,butareatthesametimechangingwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety.Itseldomremainsconstant.Itisnotdifficultatallforustothinkofexamplesofhowsocialandhistoricaleventsbringchangesinourculture.ThefoundingofnewChina,theimplementationofthepolicyofopeningtotheoutsideworldandChina’sWTOentry,areallgoodexamples.

Cultureisinterrelated.Itmeansthatcultureiscomposedofinterrelatedfacets.Whenyoutouchoneplaceofaculture,everythingelseisaffected.TheoutbreakofSARSinspring2003inChinaisanillustrativeexample.Itmadeitseffectsfeltinmedicalsystems,tourism,lifestyle,familylife,governmentpolicies,environmentprotectionandmanyothers.

Cultureisinvisible.Mostofcultureishidden,likethepartoftheicebergunderwater.Cultureexistsinthesubconsciousmindofpeople.Peoplenotonlylearntheculturalbehaviors