美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx

美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx

《美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《美国文学精华整理Word格式.docx（18页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Fromtheendofthe18thcentury（aftertheWarforIndependence）throughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.

Literarycharacteristicsofthisperiod:

（p57）

Americanliteratureinthisperiodwasnotaservantofreligiousandpolitics.Novels,

shortstories,andpoemsreplacedthesermonsandmanifestosasAmerican’sprincipal

literaryforms.Inaword,theliteratureatthisageflourishedanddevelopeditsown

nativefeatures&

gainedliteraryindependenceintherealsense.

Pre-Romanticism

Romanticism:

Fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofheCivilWar,WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper,WilliamCullenBryantaretherepresentatives.Thecharateristicsare:

moralenthusium,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptoryandapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocieties

（1）WashingtonIrving欧文　（1783--1859）

--fatherofAmericanliturature

thefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.

TheSketchBook《见闻札记》becamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialandcriticalsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic。

TwoofthefamousshortstoriesofTheSketchBookare“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·

凡·

温克尔》and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》

3>

Style:

Hisstoriescarryastrongromanticnote,withaspecialinterestingothicandsupernaturalelements.Hisstyleishumorousandfamiliar,makinghimanearlyprosestylistinAmericanliterature.

4>

HeshowedaconservativeattitudetowardtheAmericanRevolution

（2）.JamesFenimoreCooper库柏　（1789-1851）

Helaunchedtwokindsofpopularstories:

theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersage.首创了美国航海题材小说和西部小说

Frontierstories:

LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿系列　

ItisaseriesoffivenovelsaboutthefrontierofAmericansettlers.

（2）WilliamCullenBryant布莱恩特　（1794-1878）

ToaWaterfowl致水鸟

thefirstAmericanpoetwhowontherecognitionofEurope,

thefirstAmericanromanticpoet

（3）EdgarAllanPoe（1809-1849）　爱伦·

坡

---fatherofdetectivestory

FamousAmericanPoet,short-storywriterandcritic.

象征主义先驱

Works:

.ToHelen

OneofthemostfamousPoe’slyrics,waswritten,asPoerecalls“inmypassionateboyhood,tothefirst,purelyidealloveofmysoul.”Itwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmate.

Thegeneraltoneispassionateandregretful.Forthebeautyissoothingbutinaccessible.Poeexpresseshisgreatadmirationandregret.

TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《述异集》

（TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌;

Ligeia莉盖亚TheCaskofAmontillado阿芒提拉多的酒桶等）

Post-romanticism（1830-1860）

（1）LedbyEmerson,Hawthorne,andstirredbytranscendentalism,theNewEnglandRenaissancebegan.Americanliteratureflourishedandformeditsowndistinctcharacteristics

前期的浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提升到欧洲水平为标志.后期的浪漫主义是以由超验主义激励起的”新英格兰文艺复兴”兴起\并最终产生了独立的美国文学作为标志的.

（2）Transcendentalism

{1}AliterarymovementflourishinginNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilwar.ItstressesintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurchandadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.

{2}Itbelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”超灵,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.Andhumanbeingsandthenaturearenoexception.超灵存在于世间一切万物之中,每个物体都具有”内在的神性”,人和自然也不例外

{3}representatives

Emerson:

manisapartofabsolutegood,independent,self-reliance

Thoreau:

divinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature

AlsoinfluencednumerouswriterssuchasHawthorne,andWhitman,andsoon.

RalphWaldoEmerson

ThefatheroftheAmericanTranscendentalism,whoadvocatedtheindependenceofmind,andself-reliance.

works:

Nature<

论自然>

thebibleofTranscendentalism

TheAmericanScholar<

美国学者>

“ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.”

Self-reliance论自立

HenryDavidThoreau（1817-1862）

ThediscipleandstrictfollowerofEmerson/ApracticalTranscendentalist

HespentoneandahalfyearsinsolitudeinWalden,andrecordedhisexperiencesinthemasterpieceWalden<

瓦尔登湖>

---OneoftheAmericanclassicswhichrecordshisexperimentinlivingatWaldenpond,hissympatheticunderstandingofnature（naturecouldenlightenandpurityhumanbeings）

NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）

FamouswriterwhoadvancedtheartofshortstoryandgavetotheformqualitiesthatareuniquelyAmerican.

TheScarletLetter红字

TheHouseoftheSevenGables有七个尖角阁的房子TheBlithedaleRomance福谷传奇;

TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔:

Featuresofhisworks

Setting:

PuritanNewEngland;

Themes:

Evil&

sin;

Idea:

“blackvision”towardhumanbeings

Form:

symbolism,ambiguity

TheScarletLetter红字

[1]plot:

AtSalem,asmalltownofNewEnglandinthecolonialtims,HesterPrynne,theheroine,wasfoundouttohavecommittedanadultery.Shewaspunishedbeforethepublicandcondemnedtowearthescarletletter“A”infrontofherbosomthroughoutherlifetime.Thoughbanishedfromthesociety,shemanagedtoearnalivingbyneedlwork,andtriedtohelpothers.MinisterDimmesdale,theadultererdarenotadmitopenlythesinhecommittedbutwasconstantlytorturedbyasenseofguilt.Hishealthdeclinedsosoon.DoctorChillingworth,Hester’shusband,discoveredwhowastheadultererandmadeupacruelplanofrevenge—totorturetheMinistermentallytillhisdeath.Intheend,Hesterregainedherdignityandevenrespectfromthecommunity.Dimmesdalewasmentallytorturedtodeathbyhisownsenseofguiltpluschillingworth’sviciousplanandonlyinthelastminuteofhislifeherevealedhissin.

Chillingworth,althoughfinishhisvengeance,diedwithintheyear.

[2]SetinPuritanBoston,itisacomplexstoryofguilt/sin,itsmoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsuponvariouspersons,andhowdeliveranceisobtainedforsomeofthem.（p199）Afterpunished,Hesterdidherbesttocommunicatewithandhelpherfellowvillagers,latershegainedrecognitionorevenrespectofthesociety.

WhileDimmesdaledarenottoreveal/facehissin,hebanishedhimselffromthesocietyandtorturedhimselftilldeath.Afterpunished,Hesterdidherbesttocommunicatewithandhelpherfellowvillagers,latershegainedrecognitionorevenrespectofthesociety.WhileDimmesdaledarenottoreveal/facehissin,hebanishedhimselffromthesocietyandtorturedhimselftilldeath.

[3]It'

sahighlysymbolicstory.

TheletterAtakesthedifferentsymbolicmeaningthroughoutthenovel,which

reflectsthemoraldevelopmentofHester

Atfirst,Astandsforthesin{adultry}committedbyHester,atokenofshame

ThenAischangedto“able”,causeHesteroffersthegenuinesympathyandhelptoherfellowvillagers

Later,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”

[4]Inthismasterpiece,Hawthorneexplorewaysofredeemingsin:

bravetoconfessandfaceit,correctitthroughlove,devotion,generosityandforgiveness.

Hawthorneintendedtorevealhisideasthatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honestandevenreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.Hesterdiditallherlife,Dimmesdalediditfinally.

TheScarletLetter,（adultery）

1.Aboutthestory:

（1）ThestoryofHesterPrynneSet:

the17thcentury

（2）WhatissituatedimmediatelyoutsidethedooroftheprisoninwhichHesteriskept:

Arosebush

（3）HowdoesHestersupportherselffinancially:

asaseamstress

（4）Shealwayswears:

black

（5）“A”represents:

adultery

2.Majorcharactersinthestory:

（1）HesterPrynne:

wears“A”;

“A”definesheridentity

（2）ArthurDimmesdale:

wears“A”inhisheart;

hissoulneverinpeace（invisiblewearer）

（3）RogerChillingworth:

themakerofscarletletter

（4）Pearl:

theproduct/resultof“A”

3.Symbolism:

（specialmovementinliterature;

theuseofsymbols）

In“TheScarletLetter”:

（1）Therosebush:

passion

（2）Theforest:

anungovernableplace

（3）Thescarletletter:

adultery;

sin

wildness;

（5）Themeteor:

community

4.Refusetotakeoff“A”:

（1）ForHester,toremovescarletletterwouldbetoacknowledgethepowerithasindeterminingwhosheis

（2）Sheisdeterminedtotransformitsmeaningandheridentity

（3）Shewantstobetheonewhocontrolsitsmeaning

（4）Shestandsasaself-appointedreminderoftheevilssocietycancommit

HermanMelville赫尔曼·

梅尔维尔（1819-1891）

MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·

迪克/白鲸；

Typee泰比;

Omoo奥穆;

Mardi玛地;

Redburn雷得本;

WhiteJacket白外衣;

Pierre皮尔埃;

Piazza广场故事;

BillyBudd比利·

巴德

masterpiece:

MobyDick（1851）白鲸（重点）

（1）Thisnovelisregardedasagreatepicromance,andahighlyphilosophicalallegoricalnovel.Itisthe19thcenturyofAmericanencyclopedia（百科全书）

（2）Plot:

Ishmael,thenarratorofthebook,feltboredbylandlifeanddecided