bk6教师用书Word格式文档下载.docx

bk6教师用书Word格式文档下载.docx

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PartIII（Paras.10-11）

Transition:

Roosevelt’sNewDealandthesocialwelfarepoliciesofthepost-WorldWarIIpresidentsseemedtohavesolvedtheproblem.Butactuallythematterwasonlytemporarilyheldinplace.

PartIV（Paras.12-19）

Acriticalanalysisoffivecurrentdesignstogetthepooroffourconscience.

1.Thefirstdesignisthatsincethegovernmentisincompetentitshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.（Paras.12-13）

2.Theseconddesignisthatanyformofpublichelptothepoorhurtsthepoor.（Paras.14-15）

3.Thethirddesignisthatpublichelptothepoorwillreducetheincentiveoftherichtoworkandencouragethelethargyoftheidle.（Para.16）

4.Thefourthdesignisthatpublichelptothepoorwillhaveanadverseeffectonfreedom.（Paras.17-18）

5.Thefifthdesignispsychologicaldenial.（Para.19）

PartV（Para.20）

Summaryofthefivedesignsandthepopularityoftheadvocatesofthesedesigns.

PartVI（Para.21）

Conclusion:

Theauthorpointsoutthatpublicassistancetothepoorisintheinterestoftherich.Itisaconservativecourseofaction.

DetailedStudyoftheText

1.Iwouldliketoreflectononeoftheoldestofhumanexercises...（Para.1）

Question:

Whatdoestheauthorwanttoreflecton?

Theauthorwantstodiscusshowpeoplehavebeentryingnottofeelguiltyabouttheexistenceofpoorpeopleandjustifythecontinuingexistenceofpoverty.

Paraphrase:

Iwanttothinkseriouslyaboutoneoftheoldestpracticesofhumanbeings...

Translation:

我要严肃考虑一种人类最古老的实践活动。

2....wehaveundertakentogetthepooroffourconscience.（Para.1）

conscience:

asenseofrightandwrong,withanurgetodoright

getthepooroffourconscience:

使我们不为穷人的存在而感到内疚

Note:

Inusing“we”“our”,theauthorisincludinghimselfintheproblem,thusmakingitsoundasifheisreflectingonamoralsinweareallguiltyof,ratherthanpreachingtousinacondescendingway.

3.Richandpoorhavelivedtogether,alwaysuncomfortablyandsometimesperilously,sincethebeginningoftime.（Para.2）

perilous:

involvingrisk;

dangerous

Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenheuses“perilously”?

Theauthormusthaveinmindslaveuprisings（suchastheslaverevoltledbySpartacusinancientRome）,peasantuprisingsandworkers’strikes.Iftheeconomicdisparitybecomestoogreat,thepoorwillriseupagainsttherich,causingmuchdamage.

4.Plutarchwasledtosay:

“Animbalancebetweentherichandpooristheoldestandmostfatalailmentofrepublics.”（Para.2）

Payattentiontohowtheauthorexpressestheidea.

“Plutarchwasledtosay”impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceofrichandpoorandPlutarch’sknowledgeofwhatresultedfrominequitybetweenthemthatmadehimarrivelogicallyatsuchastatement;

“ledtosay”meansthathecouldnothavecometoadifferentconclusion.

Animbalancebetweentherichandpooristheoldestandmostfatalailmentofrepublics.

贫富不均乃共和政体最致命的宿疾。

5.Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuingcoexistenceofaffluenceandpoverty—andparticularlytheprocessbywhichgoodfortuneisjustifiedinthepresenceoftheillfortuneofothers—havebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.（Para.2）

intellectual:

appealingtotheintellect

intellectualpreoccupation:

有思想有学问的人孜孜不倦地探寻答案

Whatisthemainideaofthisstatement?

Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceofrichandpoor.

6.Theycontinuetobesoinourowntime.（Para.2）

Whatdoes“so”referto?

Itreferstothefactthattheproblemscontinuetobeanintellectualpreoccupation.

Theprevioussentencereferstohistory.Thisonespeaksofthepresent.

7.…thepoorsufferinthisworldbutarewonderfullyrewardedinthenext.（Para.3）

“inthenext”:

aftertheydie;

whentheygotothenextworld,.heavenorParadise

ThisideaisnotonlyembodiedintheBiblebutisalsocommoninBuddhism.

8.Theirpovertyisatemporarymisfortune:

Iftheyarepoorandalsomeek,theyeventuallywillinherittheearth.（Para.3）

meek:

patientandmild;

submissive

IntheBible,theword“meek”isusedinapositivesense,meaning“patientandmild”.

Inthisstatement,thewordisusedinanironicalsense,meaning“submissive”.

TheideabehindthisstatementmayhavecomefromLukexvi19—25:

19Therewasacertainrichman,whichwasclothedinpurpleandfinelinen,andfaredsumptuouslyeveryday；

20“AndtherewasacertainbeggarnamedLazarus,whichwaslaidathisgate,fullofsores,

21“Anddesiringtobefedwiththecrumbswhichfellfromtherichman’stable:

moreoverthedogscameandlickedhissores.

22“Anditcametopass,thatthebeggardied,andwascarriedbytheangelsintoAbraham’sbosom:

therichmanalsodied,andwasburied；

23“Andinhellhelifteduphiseyes,beingintorments,andseethAbrahamafaroff,andLazarusinhisbosom.

24“Andhecriedandsaid,FatherAbraham,havemercyonme,andsendLazarus,thathemaydipthetipofhisfingerinwater,andcoolmytongue;

forIamtormentedinthisflame.

25“ButAbrahamsaid,Son,rememberthatthouinthylifetimereceivestthygoodthings,andlikewiseLazarusevilthings:

butnowheiscomforted,andthouarttormented”.

（fromtheKingJamesversion）

他们的贫困只是一种暂时的不幸；

如果他们穷困但却温顺，他们最终将成为这个世界的主人。

9.Thisis,insomeways,anadmirablesolution.Itallowstherichtoenjoytheirwealthwhileenvyingthepoortheirfuturefortune.（Para.3）

admirable:

inspiringordeservingadmirationorpraise;

excellent

Questions:

（1）Whydoestheauthorthinkthisisanadmirablesolution?

Becauseinthisway,therichwillnotfeelguiltyandcanhappilyenjoytheirpresentlifewhilethepoorwillhavesomethingtolookforwardto—theirfuturefortune,andwillmeeklyaccepttheircurrentmisery.

（2）Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?

Whyorwhynot?

No,hedoesn’t.Heisbeingironichere.Hecallsit“anadmirablesolution”becausenowtherichcan“getthepoorofftheirconscience”.

10.Much,muchlater,—thelatedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain—theproblemanditssolutionbegantotakeontheirmodernform.（Para.4）

Whatismeantby“theirmodernform”?

TheauthormeansthattheproblemanditssolutionhavetakenoncapitalistcharacteristicssincetheIndustrialRevolutionusheredincapitalism.Theyhavenothingtodowiththenextworld.

（1）thelatedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain:

英国工业革命起始阶段后期

（2）theproblemanditssolutionbegantotakeontheirmodernform贫富不均的问题及其解决办法开始呈现出现代形式

11.JeremyBentham,anearcontemporaryofAdamSmith,cameupwiththeformula...（Para.4）

杰里米·

边沁与亚当·

斯密几乎是同时代人，他提出了这样一种准则……

12.“Bytheprincipleofutility,”Benthamsaidin1789,“ismeanttheprinciplewhichapprovesordisapprovesofeveryactionwhatsoeveraccordingtothetendencywhichitappearstohavetoaugmentordiminishthehappinessofthepartywhoseinterestisinquestion.”（Para.4）

Whatismeantby“theprincipleofutility”accordingtoBentham?

Theprincipleofutilitymeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.

13.Virtueis,indeedmustbe,self-centered.（Para.4）

Byrightaction,wemeanitmusthelppromotetheinterestsoftheindividualsaffected.

善行是且一定是，以自我为中心的。

14....influentialinnoslightdegreetothisday...（Para.5）

…（its）influencehasnotdiminishedsofar.（Its）influencecontinuestoaremarkabledegreetoday.

……迄今为止此影响丝毫没有减弱……

15.ThisisassociatedwiththenamesofDavidRicardo,astockbroker,andThomasRobertMalthus,adivine.（Para.5）

WhydoestheauthormentiontheprofessionsofRicardoandMalthus?

Astockbrokerissomeonewhobuysandsellssharesforthosewithmoneytoinvest;

usuallystockbrokersthemselvesmakealotofmoney.Thisremindspeopleofthesaying:

“ItiseasierforacameltogothroughtheeyeofaneedlethanforarichmantoenterintotheKingdomofGod.”（Matt.xix,24andMarkx,25）

AdivineisamemberoftheChristianclergywhobelievesinreligionandpreachGod’suniversallove.

Aformulaproposedbytwomenwithsuchdifferentbackgroundsyetwhothinksosimilarlyisinitselfironic.

16.Theessentialsarefamiliar:

Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirexcessivefecundity...（Para.5）

Peoplearefamiliarwiththenatureofthisformula:

Thepovertyofthepoorwastheirownfaultandcausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.

17.…theirgrievouslyuncontrolledlustcausedthemtobreeduptothefulllimitsoftheavailablesubsistence.（Para.5）

……他们不能控制性欲，过度的生育把地球具有的养活人口的能力推向极限。

18.Povertybeingcausedinthebed...（Para.6）

Povertywascausedbyoverproductionofchildren.

贫困来自过度生育……

19....therich