英语文学整理Word文档格式.docx

英语文学整理Word文档格式.docx

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nature.Furthermore,severalromanticauthors,suchasEdgarAllanPoeandNathanielHawthorne,basedtheirwritingsonthesupernatural/occultandhumanpsychology.Romanticismtendedtoregardsatireassomethingunworthyofseriousattention,aprejudicestillinfluentialtoday.[38]

TheprecursorsofRomanticisminEnglishpoetrygobacktothefirsthalfofthe18thcentury,includingfiguressuchasJosephWarton（headmasteratWinchesterCollege）andhisbrotherThomasWarton,professorofPoetryatOxfordUniversity.[39]Josephmaintainedthatinventionandimaginationwerethechiefqualitiesofapoet.ThomasChattertonisgenerallyconsideredtobethefirstRomanticpoetinEnglish.[40]TheScottishpoetJamesMacphersoninfluencedtheearlydevelopmentofRomanticismwiththeinternationalsuccessofhisOssiancycleofpoemspublishedin1762,inspiringbothGoetheandtheyoungWalterScott.BothChattertonandMacpherson'

sworkinvolvedelementsoffraud,aswhattheyclaimedtobeearlierliteraturethattheyhaddiscoveredorcompiledwasinfactentirelytheirownwork.TheGothicnovel,beginningwithHoraceWalpole'

sTheCastleofOtranto（1764）,wasanimportantprecursorofonestrainofRomanticism,withadelightinhorrorandthreat,andexoticpicturesquesettings,matchedinWalpole'

scasebyhisroleintheearlyrevivalofGothicarchitecture.TristramShandy,anovelbyLaurenceSterne（1759–67）introducedawhimsicalversionoftheanti-rationalsentimentalnoveltotheEnglishliterarypublic.

Blankverseispoetrywritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.Ithasbeendescribedas"

probablythemostcommonandinfluentialformthatEnglishpoetryhastakensincethesixteenthcentury"

andPaulFussellhasclaimedthat"

aboutthree-quartersofallEnglishpoetryisinblankverse."

Freeverseisaformofpoetrythatdoesnotuseconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.Itthustendstofollowtherhythmofnaturalspeech.

Poetshaveexplainedthatfreeverse,despiteitsfreedom,isnotfree.Freeversedisplayssomeelementsofform.Mostfreeverse,forexample,self-evidentlycontinuestoobserveaconventionofthepoeticlineinsomesense,atleastinwrittenrepresentations,thoughretainingapotentialdegreeoflinkage,howevernebulous,withmoretraditionalforms.

Epic:

orheroicpoem,isappliedtoaworkthatmeetsatleastthefollowingcriteria:

itisalongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.Beowulf:

3182lines,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.

Sonnet

●十四行诗，商籁体

●Alyricalpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.

●Rhyme:

InEnglishversification,standardrhymeconsistsoftherepetitionintherhymingwords,ofthelaststressedvowelandofallthespeechsoundsfollowingthatvowel.

●TheItalianorPetrarchansonnet:

abbaabbacdecde

●TheShakespeareansonnet:

ababcdcdefefgg

●TheSpenseriansonnet:

ababbcbccdcdee

Dramaticmonologue:

isaliteraryform,usuallyapoem,inwhichyouhaveoneperson,speakingtoanaudienceor"

thinkingaloud,"

whoisclearlyacharacterandnotthepoet.Shakespeare'

s"

Hamlet"

andBrowning'

MyLastDuchess"

aretheexamples.

"

isapoembyRobertBrowning,frequentlyanthologizedasanexampleofthedramaticmonologue.Itfirstappearedin1842inBrowning'

sDramaticLyrics.

Iambicpentameter

●Meter（音步）istherecurrence,inregularunits,ofaprominentfeatureinthesequenceofspeech-soundsofalanguage.

●Rhythmisarecognizablethoughvaryingpatterninthebeatofthestresses,oraccents,inthestreamofspeech-sounds.

●Iambic（thenounis“iamb”）:

anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.

●Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday.

●Anapestic（thenounis“anapest”）:

twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable.

●TheAssyriancamedownlikeawolfonthefold.

CriticalRealism

vTheattemptinliteratureandarttorepresentlifeasitreallyis,withoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarylife.Thishasled,sometimes,toanemphasisonsordiddetails.

vTheEnglishcriticalrealistsofthe19thcenturynotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.Intheirbestworks,thegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesarecontrastedwiththehonestyandgood-heartednessoftheobscure“simplepeople”ofthelowerclasses.HencehumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Humorousscenessetofftheactionsofthepositivecharacters,andthehumorisoftentingedwithalyricismwhichservestostressthefinequalitiesofsuchcharacters.Atthesametime,bittersatireandgrotesqueisusedtoexposetheseamysideofthebourgeoissociety.

vCriticalrealismrevealsthecorruptinginfluenceoftheruleofcrashuponhumannature.Hereliestheessentiallydemocraticandhumanisticcharacterofcriticalrealism.Butthecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatethesocialevilstheyknewsowell.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchangingthebourgeoissocietythroughconscioushumaneffort.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Theirworksdonotpointtowardrevolutionbutratherevolutionorreformism.Theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeoisworldintheirworks,buttheirnovelsusuallyhavehappyendingsoranimpotentcompromiseattheend.Hereweseethestrengthandweaknessofcriticalrealism

TheRiseofModernism

•therapidsocialchangeandthearrivalofthe“modernage”

•SigmundFreudandthepsychoanalysis:

consciousness,subconsciousness;

id,egoandsuperego;

OedipusComplexandElectraComplex

•thesearchfornewwaysofexpression

FeaturesofModernism

•ismarkedbyastrongandconsciousbreakwiththetraditionalformandtechniquesofexpression,beingrichlyexperimental

•employsadistinctivekindofimagination,onethatinsistsonhavingitsgeneralframeofreferencewithinitself

•impliesahistoricaldiscontinuity,asenseofalienation,lossanddespair

•rejectstraditionalvalues,assumptionsaswellasrhetoric

•elevatestheindividualandtheinnerbeingoverthesocialbeing

•prefersthesubconscious,unconscioustotheself-conscious

StreamofConsciousness

Streamofconsciousnessisanarrativedeviceusedinliterature"

todepictthemultitudinousthoughtsandfeelingswhichpassthroughthemind.Anotherphraseforitis'

interiormonologue'

."

[1]Theterm"

StreamofConsciousness"

wascoinedbyphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesinThePrinciplesofPsychology（1890）:

∙Consciousness,then,doesnotappeartoitselfaschoppedupinbits...itisnothingjoined;

itflows.A'

river'

ora'

stream'

isthemetaphorsbywhichitismostnaturallydescribed.Intalkingofithereafter,let’scallitthestreamofthought,consciousness,orsubjectivelife.

Inliterarycriticism,streamofconsciousnessisanarrativemodethatseekstoportrayanindividual'

spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter'

sthoughtprocesses,eitherinalooseinteriormonologue（seebelow）,orinconnectiontohisorheractions.Stream-of-consciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinthoughtandlackofpunctuation.Streamofconsciousnessandinteriormonologuearedistinguishedfromdramaticmonologueandsoliloquy,wherethespeakerisaddressinganaudienceorathirdperson,whicharechieflyusedinpoetryordrama.Instreamofconsciousnessthespeaker'

sthoughtprocessesaremoreoftendepictedasoverheardinthemind（oraddressedtooneself）;

itisprimarilyafictionaldevice.

Interiormonologue

•autonomousassociation

•juxtapositionoffragments

•timeandplacedislocation

•StreamofconsciousnesswasaphraseusedbyWilliamJamesinhisPrinciplesofPsychology（1890）todescribetheunbrokenflowofperceptions,thoughts,andfeelingsinthewakingmind;

ithassincebeenadoptedtodescribeanarrativemethodinmodernfiction.

•Asithasbeenrefinedsincethe1920s,streamofconsciousnessisthenameappliedspecificallytoamodeofnarrationthatundertakestoreproduce,withoutanarrator’sintervention,thefullspectrumandcontinuousflowofacharacter’smentalprocess,inwhichsenseperceptionsminglewithconsciousandhalf-consciousthoughts,memories,expectat