流利说懂你英语Level4Unit2doc文档格式.docx
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Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspeciesontheplanetdiedout.
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Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itstartedachainofevents.
Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogether,likeachain.
Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears.
WhentheasteroidhittheEarth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoenter
theatmosphere.
ThiscloudofdustblockedthesunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths.
Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.
Withthedeathsofsomanyplantsandanimals,thefoodchaincollapsed.
Thisledtothedeathsofmanymorespecies.
Massextinctioneventshaveplayedanimportantpartintheevolutionof
life.
Infact,someextinctioneventshavehelpedtoaccelerateevolution.
Forexample,somemammalslivedthroughtheageofthedinosaurs,buttheycouldn'
tcompete.
Whenthedinosaurswereremoved,themammalswereabletocompetemoresuccessfully.
Oncetheycouldcompete,mammalsevolvedtoahigherstate.
Withoutextinctionevents,perhapswewouldn'
tbeheretoday.
2
Level4Unit2Part1Listening-ExtinctionEvents2
Scientistsestimatethattherehavebeenatleast5massextinctionsinthelast540millionyears.
Theyalsobelievethatwehaveenteredanewextinctionevent.
Speciesarebecomingextinctatamuchfasterratethanbefore.
Insteadofasteroidsorvolcaniceruptions,thecurrenteventistheresultofhumanactivities.
Humanactivities,forexample,haveledtoglobalwarming.
Globalwarmingistheresultofanincreaseincarbongasesinouratmosphere.
Thesegasestrapheatfromthesun,sotheEarthisgettingwarmer.
Asaresult,sealevelsarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.
Inaddition,wehumansaredestroyingthehabitatsofmanyplantsandanimals.
Cuttingdownforestsandpollutingriversdestroysthehabitatsofmanyformsoflife.
Thereisnolongeranydoubtthatthisishappening
Speciesoflifearedisappearingatanincreasingrate.
Globaltemperaturesarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.
3
Scientistsarewarningusthatfastactionisnecessarytosaveourfuture.
Ifwedon'
tact,wemaygothewayofthedinosaurs.
(Thisnewextinctioneventiscausedbyhumans.)
Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-BodySystems
Thebody'
scirculatorysystemincludestheheartandbloodvessels.
Theheartpumpsbloodtoallpartsofthebodythroughanetworkofarteriesandveins.
Thedigestivesystembreaksdownandabsorbsfoodintothebody.
Itsuppliestheenergythatthebodyneedsforgrowthandrepair.
Afterdigestion,excessfoodisturnedintowasteandeliminatedfromthe
body.
Thenervoussystemincludesthebrain,spinalcordandnerves.
Thisisyourbody'
scontrolsystem.
Itcontrolsyourmusclesandorgans,includingyourcirculatoryand
digestivesystems.
Therespiratorysystemincludesthenoseandlungs.
Itbringsairandoxygenintothebodyandremovescarbondioxide.
Thelungsarewhereoxygenentersthebloodstreamandcarbondioxideisremoved.
4
Theimmunesystemprotectsthebodyagainstinfectionsanddiseases.
Sneezingandfeverareexamplesofhowtheimmunesystemworks.
Ifaninfectioninvadesthebody,theimmunesystemattacksit.
(Thebloodvesselsthatcarryoxygen-richbloodfromtheheartare
calledarteries.)
(Thedigestivesystemiswherefoodisbrokendownandabsorbedintothebody.)
(Thenervoussystemregulatesyourheartbeatanddigestion.)
Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-GreatDiscoveries
Thecontrolleduseoffireallowedpeopletocookfoodandsurviveinthecolderclimates.
Fireprovidedlightsothatpeoplecouldworkandsocializeforlonger
hours.
Withtheinventionofagriculture,peoplecouldgrowfoodandsettle
intocommunities.
Bygrowingfood,peoplecouldspendlesstimehuntingandmoretimeforotherthingssuchasart.
Thedomesticationofanimalsallowedpeopletoraiseanduseanimals
forfoodandwork.
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Byraisingherdsofanimalssuchassheep,humanshadaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.
Thestrengthofanimalssuchashorsesandoxenwasusedforworkand
transportation.
Thedevelopmentoftoolsandmachineshasresultedinmore
efficientmanufacturingandconstruction.
Withbettertoolsandmachines,workcanbedonewithfewerpeopleandatmuchlowercosts.
Thedevelopmentofscienceandengineeringhasimprovedmanythings,includingcommunications.
Withanunderstandingofelectricity,telephonesandradiosallowpeople
tocommunicateoverlongdistances.
(Scienceandengineeringhavechangedthewaywecommunicatewitheachother.)
(Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,peoplehadmoretimeforotheractivities.)
(Theuseofmachineshasreducedthenumberofpeopleneededtomakethings.)
Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-SmartphoneAddiction
6
Itookavacationlastnight.
Whatareyoutalkingabout
Wheredidyoutakeyourvacation
Ididn'
tgoanywhere.
Ijustspentaneveningwithoutmysmartphone.
Howwasit
Itwasgreat.Igotarealmagazineandreaditwithnointerruption.
Itwasverypeaceful.
Yes,Ihaven'
tdonethatinalongtime.
Youknowwhat
I'
mbeginningtohatesmartphones.
Reallybutyoucan'
tlivewithoutone,right
Yes,that'
stheproblem.
Thesethingsarechangingthewaypeoplelive.
Yes,Ijustsawadocumentaryaboutthat.
Ahusbandwascomplainingtohiswifethatshewasspendingtoomuchtimeonhersmartphone.
WhathappenedDidtheygetadivorce
Youguessedit.Intheend,theygotadivorce.
7
It'
sabitironic,don'
tyouthink
Smartphoneweresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheyarepullingpeopleapart.
Yes,youareright.
Hey,justaminute.I'
vegotamessageonmysmartphone,anditcan'
twait.
Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-RudeBoss
Hey,wakeupandgetbacktowork.
What'
swrongwithyou
monmybreaksir,andIhaveabadheadache.
Well,wearenotpayingyoutosleep.
Ifyou'
regoingtosleep,sleepsomeplaceelse.
Yes,sir,sorry,itwon'
thappenagain.
Ithadbetternot.
Justaminute.
Don'
ttalktomelikethat.
Whatdidyousay
Youhurtme.youdon'
thavetotreatpeoplelikethat.
Well,ifyoudon'
tlikeit,Isuggestyouleave.
8
OK,Iwill.I'
vehadenoughofyou.
llgetajobsomewhereelse.
(Themanagertreatstheemployeesinathreateningmanner.)
(Theemployeetreatsthemanagerrespectfully.)
9
Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView1
Thismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.
Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.
Wecan’tseewhichitisbecausewecan’tseeinsidethebox.
Theprobabilitythatitisanorangeisequaltotheprobabilitythatitisanapple.
Itmaybeanapple,anditmaybeanorange.
It’sgottobeoneortheother.
Itcan’tbeanythingelse.
Nowlet’slookatitfromtheman’spointofview.
Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitiesaredifferent.
Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis100%or0%.
That’sbecauseheknowswhathehas.
Forhimthereisnouncertainty.
Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityis100%.
Ifhedoesn’thaveanorange,theprobabilityis0%.
Heeitherhasitorhedoesn’t.
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Fromourpointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis50%.
Sotheprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview.
Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView2
Peopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview.
Thisoftenleadstoargumentsbetweenpeople.
Herearesomeexamples.
Fromthisman’spointofview,heisrelaxing.
Heneedstorelaxbecausehehasbeenworkingtoohard.
Hehasn’tbeengettingenoughsleep.
Hiswifeseesthingsdifferently.
Sheisn’tawareofhowhardhehasbeenworking.
Fromherpointofview,heisdoingnothing.
However,sheknowswhatneedstobedonearoundthehouse.
Itisn’tfairthatshehastoworkwhilehedoesnothing.
Whenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.
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Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.
Level4Unit2Part2Vocabulary