矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的应用Word格式.docx
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专业:
英语
年级班级:
2010级本科4班
指导教师:
康凯
2014年5月
TheApplicationofOxymoroninLiteraryWorks
SubmittedbyWangJianya
StudentIDnumber201003010261
SupervisedbyKangKai
ApapersubmittedinfulfillmentoftherequirementsofthedegreeofBachelorofArts
TheCollegeofForeignLanguages
ZhoukouNormalUniversity
May,2014
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论文题目:
作者单位:
外国语学院英语专业2010级本科4班
作者签名:
2014年5月
Contents
摘要i
Abstractii
I.Introduction1
II.TheDefinitionsandCharacteristicsofOxymoron2
2.1DefinitionoftheEnglishOxymoron2
2.2TheCharacteristicsofOxymoron2
III.TheFormationofOxymoron3
3.1TheExternalStructure3
3.2TheInternalStructure4
Ⅳ.TheApplicationofOxymoroninLiteraryWorks5
4.1TheApplicationofOxymoroninShakespeare’sPlays6
4.1.1IntroductiontoShakespeare6
4.1.2TheApplicationofOxymoroninShakespeare’sPlays6
4.2TheApplicationofOxymoroninXuZhimo’sPoem11
4.2.1IntroductiontoXuZhimo11
4.2.2TheApplicationofOxymoronin“Sayonara-toaJapaneseGirl”12
4.3TheApplicationofOxymoroninJohnMilton’sPoem13
4.3.1IntroductiontoJohnMilton13
4.3.2TheApplicationofOxymoronin“ParadiseLost”13
V.Conclusion14
Bibliography16
Acknowledgements17
摘要
在传统的研究视野中,矛盾修辞法只是所有的修辞法中一个极为普遍的修辞格,并未成为主要的研究目标。
然而,在当代的研究环境下,学者给予了辞格研究新的生命。
传统的辞格研究方法,已经非常陈旧,而且研究方法和视野都存在很大的缺陷,因此,更新研究方法,寻找新视野是历史和学科发展的必然。
在修辞格中,我们发现有一种辞格有很大的差别,却没有引起研究者的注意,这个辞格是“矛盾修辞法”。
这种辞格与其它辞格不同,而且出现的频率也低,但是它是一种非常典型的辞格。
因此,作者试图探索矛盾修辞法涉及其在文学作品中的应用。
首先,我们将全面回顾“矛盾修辞法”的各种定义,以及它的结构,这是研究它的必要前提,然后,我们从文学的角度对矛盾修辞法进行了简要的综述,同时也为他人的研究提供了历史学科基础。
本文从矛盾修辞法在文学作品中的运用的角度去研究,从中也可以看出矛盾在语言和人类思维中的作用可能远远超出我们目前所认识的那样。
因此,对于矛盾修辞法就有更多的研究和探索的可能。
关键词:
矛盾修辞法;
修辞格;
文学作品;
应用
Abstract
Inallrhetoricaldevices,“oxymoron”isjustaverycommonfigureofspeechintraditionalviews,andithasneverenteredthemainstreamofacademicstudies.However,peoplefacilitatethestudyoffigurativelanguageandgivespaciousroomforthestudy.Asisknowntoall,thetraditionalapproachestostudyfiguresofspeecharequiteoutdatedandtheremanyshortcomingsinthem.Soitisnecessarytoseeknewperspectivestoupdatethestudy.Fromthestudyoffiguresofspeech,thereisaveryspecialfigurewhichisdifferentfromthosefigureswhichhavebeendevotedlystudied.Thespecialfigureis“oxymoron”.Eventhroughitdoesnotappearfrequentlyinlanguagesasotherrhetoricaldevices,oxymoronstandsforanotherspecialsortoffigurativelanguage.Thus,theauthortriestoexploreoxymoronanditsapplicationinsomeliteraryworks.Firstofall,thispaperwillpresentitsdefinitionsandstructures,whicharealsothenecessarypremiseofthestudy.Andthen,thispaperwillgivethehistoricalandcontemporarystudystatingfromtheaspectsofliterature.Soitgivesthehistoricalandsubjectivebasisforthelatergenerations.Thispaperwillstudytheapplicationofoxymoroninliteraryworksfromtheliteralperspectives,andwecanfindthattheuniversalsignificationinlanguageandhumancognitionmaybebeyondourcurrentlevel.Therefore,greateffortsneedtobemadeforthestudyofoxymoron.
Keywords:
oxymoron;
rhetoric;
literary;
application
.Introduction
Generallyspeaking,oxymoronisaspecialfigureofspeech,andfrequentlyusedinEnglish.OxymoronderivesfromGreek“oxusmoros”.Oxusmeanssharp,andmorosmeansfoolish,stupid,anddull.However,themeaningofoxymoronispointedfoolishorsharpfoolish.Therefore,itshistoryinlanguageshouldbeverylong,anditisatraditionalfigureofspeech.“Oxymoron”firstlyappearedinEnglishin1640,butonlyacademicscholarsandstudentsofrhetoricknewit.Untilthe1960sand1970s,thiswordappearedfrequentlyincolleges.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentoflanguagestandardization,scholarspayattentiontorhetoricofspeeches,suchassimile,metaphor,personification,andsoon.Whetherinthepracticeoflanguageorthetheoryoflanguage,it’snecessarythatpeoplehaveafurtheranalysisandstudyaboutthiscommonandspecialrhetoricofspeech.Intheforeignhistory,withtheclimaxoftheEnglishRenaissance,rhetoricinEnglandwasprocessedwiththesamefervorasinotherhumanistcultures,fortheincreasingroleitplayedineducation.Therefore,oxymoronwasaverypopularrhetoricdeviceatthattime.Asweallknow,oxymoronachievesspecialrhetoricaleffectsandplaysspecialrolesinliteratureandphysicalworld.Ithasbeenwidelyappliedinliteraryworksanddailycommunication,especiallytocreateunusualeffectortorealizetheaimofstrongexaggeration,humor,etc.Firstly,itcanexposeeverykindofcontradictoryphenomenoninthesubjectiveandobjectiveworld.Secondly,itcanexpressthepersonofphilosophicalthought.Finally,itcanopenandenlightenthereadersfromall-roundandmultileveleffect.Inmanyliteraryworks,theauthorsuseoxymorontoexpresscontradictoryfeelings,whichgivepeopleadeepimpression.Therefore,thispaperwillexploretheapplicationofoxymoroninsomeliteraryworks.
II.TheDefinitionandCharacteristicsofOxymoron
2.1DefinitionoftheEnglishOxymoron
“Oxymoron”firstlyappearedinEnglishin1640,butonlyacademicscholarsandstudentsofrhetoricknewit.Untilthe1960sand1970s,thiswordappearedfrequentlyincolleges.However,oxymoronisoneofthefiguresofspeechfirstlystudiedbyAristotle.AndJohnEvansquotedfromAristotle’sRhetoricandsaidthat“rhetoricrelatestocommonsenseandverdictsofthemasses,butwhatoxymoronexpressesisneithercommonnorverdictsofthemasses.Itistherhetoricalfigure,whichdespisesthetraditionalrhetoricalbasis.”(84).
InLongmanModernEnglishDictionary,itisdefinedasafigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceanepigrammaticeffect.AndinOxfordEnglishDictionary,itsdefinitionisthatarhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruoustermsareconjoinedsoastogivepointtothestatementorexpression;
anexpressioninitssuperficialorliteralmeaningself-contradictoryorabsurd,butinvolvingapoint.Alotofauthorsalsogiveadefinitiontooxymoron.
2.2TheCharacteristicsofOxymoron
Asweallknow,oxymoronachievesspecialrhetoricaleffectsandplaysspecialrolesinliteratureandphysicalworld.Ithasthefollowingcharacteristics.
Firstly,oxymoronhastheanalysisofthemeaning.Itcanprovevariousaspectsoftheworldobservedfromdifferentangles,depicttheconflictbetweentheappearanceandtheessence,anddemonstratethetwooppositefeaturesexistinoneentity.
Secondly,duetooxymoronisaneffectiverhetoricmethodemployedtoshowintensive,succinctwords,oxymoronhasthesuccinctnessandemphasesofthelanguage.Forinstance:
Thedismalsituationwasteandwild,
Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround
Asonegreatfurnaceflamed,yetfromthoseflames
Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible
(ParadiseLost,Excerpt,Line63-64)
JohnMiltonused“thoseflamesnolight”inParadiseLost.Inthispoem,oxymoronexpressesthesubtlefeelingsofpeopleandisregardedascontradictoryinformbutlogicalandilluminatingincontent.Asfor“thoseflamesnolight”,althoughitindicatesaverycomplexfeelings,oxymoronmakesithasterseandlivelystyle.
Thirdly,oxymoronhasthecreativityofthestructure.Generally,peopleusesomewordswhichareunifiedandharmonioustodescribesomethingandsomebody,insteadofusingtheoppositeandcontradictorywords.Therefore,it’screativethatoxymoronusescontradictorywordstoexpresscomplexfeelings.Someexamplesarelist,suchas,‘painfulpleasure’,‘ugly-beautiful’,andsoon.
Lastbutnotleast,oxymoronicexpressionshavethecharacteristicofwisdom.Peopleareoftenemployedtobringtolightimplicitlyandvividlythetruthsinmanyproverbsintheobjectiveandcomplicatedworld.Suchas,“atimelesstime”,timeisfixedandwhatchangesisonlyhowpeoplefeelaboutit.Butoxymorongivesthesubjectiveimpressionandcreativestructureforpeopleundercertaincircumstances.
Abovealloxymoronisasymbolofacertainphilosophicalthought-anythingcontainingtwosides,negativeandpositive,butthetwooppositeforcescanstayharmoniously.
III.TheFormationofOxymoron
Accordingtothedefinitionofoxymoron,itisarhetoricalfigurebywhichcontradictoryorincongruoustermsareconjoined.Oxymoronpossessesarelativelyfixedandconcreteconcept,soitalsopossessesarelativelyfixedstructureinform.Becausethiskindofrhetoricaldeviceconsistsofjusttwoorfewterms,thedifferentformsofitsstructurearedecidedbythedifferentconfigurationsoftheseterms.Fromtheaspectofstructure,oxymoronhastwokindsofformation,whichrespectivelyaretheexternalstructureandtheinternalstructure.
3.1TheExternalStructure
Inforeignstudy,onefamousBritishrhetoricianWalterNashlistsfourkindsofcommoncollocationsofoxymoronwhichrespectivelyare‘adverb+adjective,adjective+noun,adjective+adjective,noun+noun’s.AndinChain,FengCuihuaandHuangRenalsoclassifyoxymoronfromtheexternalinthesameway,theexternalstructuresstillincrease.
(Ⅰ)adverb+adjective:
idlybusy,falselytrue,disagreeablypleasantandchangelesslychanging.Fromthisphrase,wecanlearnthatadverbsareutilizedtomodifytheoppositeadjectives,so