美国文学笔记Word文档格式.docx

美国文学笔记Word文档格式.docx

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VI.Contemporaryliterature（当代文学）:

（1945-）

II.TheRevolutionaryperiod（革命时期）:

（1765-18世纪末）

BenjaminFranklin（1706-1790）：

1.Summary:

OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNation

Firstgreatself-mademaninAmerica

TheembodimentofAmericandream

2.Majorworks:

TheAutobiography《自传》：

thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenre

PoorRichard’sAlmanack《穷人理查德的年历》

III.TheRomanticperiod（浪漫主义时期）:

Novelist,poet,critic

goodatwritingGothic（哥特式）anddetectivefiction

Fatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticism

Poetry

TheRaven《乌鸦》

ToHelen《献给海伦》

Shortstories

Horror（suspense,terror,Insanity,death，Revengeandrebirth）

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《红色死亡的化妆舞会》

TheBlackCat《黑猫》

TheCaskofAmontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》

Ligeia《丽姬娅》

Detective/ratiocinative（推理的）（originator）

ThePurloinedLetter《窃信案》

TheMuderintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》

TheMysteryofMarieRog《玛丽.罗热疑案》

TheGoldBug《金甲虫》

AmericanTranscendentalism

（美国超验主义）

（1830s-CivilWar）

SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissance

1.Appearance

1836,“Nature”byEmerson

2.FeaturesofTranscendentalism

（1）.Spirit（思想）/Oversoul（超灵）

（2）.importanceofindividualism

（3）.nature–symbolofspirit/God；

garmentoftheoversoul

（4）.focusinintuition（irrationalismandsubconsciousness）

RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）:

Americanessayist,lecturer,poet

TheFounderofTranscendentalism

Nature《论自然》：

themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism

TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》:

American'

sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence

Self-reliance《论自助》

AmericanEssayist,Poet,Philosopher

2.MajorWorks

CivilDisobedience«

论公民之不服从»

Walden,orLifeinthewoods《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》:

WaldenisarecordofThoreau’stwoyearexperimentoflivingaloneatWaldenpondinaself-builthouseattheedgeofthewoods.

LateRomanticism

NathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）:

Americannovelistandshortstorywriter

2.Hispointofview:

HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanism（清教主义）deeply.

（1）.Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife

（2）.wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration

（3）.Evileducates.

（4）.Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening（自负的）（tooproudofoneself）intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded

3.MajorWorks

TheScarletLetter《红字》

HermanMelville（1819-1891）:

Novelist,Poet

Majorworks:

MobyDick《白鲸》,1851

Maincharacters:

Ishmael（以实玛利）:

thenarrator

Ahab（埃哈伯）:

theprotagnist

MobyDick

Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist/

Thefatheroffreeverse（自由诗）

LeavesofGrass《草叶集》

Famouspoems

SongofMyself《自我之歌》

One’sSelfISing《我歌唱一个人的自己》

OCaptain!

MyCaptain!

《噢，我的船长！

我的船长！

》

3.Writingthemes（almosteverything）:

Ø

equalityofthingsandbeings

divinityofeverything

Immanence（无所不在）ofGod

democracy

evolutionofcosmos（宇宙）

multiplicityofnature

self-reliantspirit

death,beautyofdeath

expansionofAmerica

brotherhoodandsocialsolidarity（团结一致）（unityofnationsintheworld）

pursuitofloveandhappiness

4.Style:

“freeverse（自由诗）:

theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

（1）.Parallelism（排比）

（2）.phoneticrecurrence（同字起句法）（therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend）

（3）.theuseofacertainpronoun“I”（thefirstpersonnarrator）

（4）.strongtendencytouseoralEnglish

（5）.thehabitofusingsnapshots

（6）.alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure

（7）.useofconventionalimage

（8）.vocabulary–powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong

（9）.sentences–cataloguetechnique:

longlistofnames,longpoemlines

5.SignificanceofLeavesofGrass

LeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:

→ItsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.

→Itsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewwayforAmericanpoetry.

Americanpoet

Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.

2.Somefamouspoems:

IDiedforBeauty

BecauseICan’tStopforDeath

ANarrowFellowintheGrass

IHeardaFlyBuzz—WhenIDied

ToMakeaPrairie

I’mNobody

3.Theme

Mainlybasedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows（innerworld）:

（1）.Deathandimmortality

（2）.Love—sufferingsandfrustrationcausedbylove

（3）.Nature-Kindandcruel

（4）.Religion-doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects

（5）.Beauty（beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone）

（6）.physicalaspectofdesire

（7）.freewillandhumanresponsibility

4.Style

1）.Poemswithouttitles

2）.Useofcapitalletters–emphasisanddashes-createcadence（抑扬顿挫）

3）.Economyofexpression.（Plainestwords,directness,brevity）

4）.Shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas

5）.Freshandstrangeimages

6）.Boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors

7）.Rhetorictechniques:

personification—makesomeabstractideasvivid

8）.off-rhyme（半韻）anddefamiliarization（陌生化）

IV.TheAmericanRealism现实主义时期（1865-1918）

1.ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod

WilliamDeanHowells 

–“DeanofAmericanRealism”

HenryJames 

MarkTwain 

2.Comparison:

Theme:

Howells–middleclass

James–upperclass

Twain–lowerclass

Technique:

Howells–smiling/genteelrealism

James–psychologicalrealism

Twain–localcolourismandcolloquialism

MarkTwain（1835-1910）:

Americanwriter,shortstorywriter/

Humorist

TheCelebratedjumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty 

（1865）

《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》

InnocentsAbroad 

（1869）《傻子国外旅行记》

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer 

（1876）《汤姆.索亚历险记》

LifeontheMississippi 

（1883）《密西西比河上》

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（1886）《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:

AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromhismasterpiece“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”——ErnestHemingway

3.Style:

（1）.colloquiallanguage（口语）,vernacular（本土的）language,dialects

（2）.localcolour

（3）.syntacticfeature:

sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical

（4）.humour

（5）.talltales（highlyexaggerated）（荒诞不经的故事）

（6）.socialcriticism（satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety）

4.Contribution

OneofMarkTwain’ssignificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.

AnAmericanandBritishnovelist,literarycritic

Founderofpsychologicalrealism

Firstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelist

Initiatoroftheinternationaltheme:

AmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophistication

DaisyMiller（1878）《戴茜·

米勒》

ThePortraitofaLady（1881）《贵妇的肖像》

TheWingsoftheDove（1902）《鸽翼》

TheAmbassadors（1903）《专使》

TheGoldenBowl（1904）《金碗》

TheArtofFiction（1884）《小说的艺术》

3.HisPointofview

（1）.Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness

（2）.Psychologicalrealism

（3）.Highly-refinedlanguage

4.Style–“stylist”

（1）.Language:

highly-refined,polished,insightful,andaccurate

（2）.Vocabulary:

large

（3）.Construction:

complicated,intricate

Naturalism（自然主义）

1.Background:

（1）.Darwin’stheory:

“naturalselection”

（2）.Spenser’sidea:

“socialDarwinism”

（3）.FrenchNaturalism:

Zora

2.Features

（1）.environmentandheredity

（2）.scientificaccuracyandalotofdetails

（3）.generaltone:

ironicandpessimistic,hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety

StephenCrane（1881-1900）

Novelist,poet

Pioneerinthenaturalistictradition

Precursors（先驱）ofImagistpoetry

2.MajorWorks:

Maggie:

AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎麦姬》:

thefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmerica

TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》

TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》

V.AMERICANMODERNISM（1918-1945）

（美国现代主义）

FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayist

therepresentativeofthe1920s

thespokesmanfortheJazzAge

oneofthe“lostgeneration”writers

ThisSideofParadise（1920）《人间天堂》

TalesoftheJazzAge（1922）《爵士乐时代的故事》

TenderIstheNight（1934）《夜色温柔》

TheGreatGatsby（1925）《了不起的盖茨比》:

Narrativepointofview–NickCarraway

ThedeclineoftheAmericanDream

（1）.Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature.

（2）.Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople’scharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethin