四级作文评分标准文章组织技巧及常见写作错误总结1Word文档下载推荐.docx
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“三步”曲:
Pre-writing:
Brainstorming(头脑风暴:
构思)
While-writing:
Wecannotbetoocareful(做文)
Post-writing:
Reviewing(检查)
标点
1、英文没有顿号,要用逗号表示
2、英文没有书名号,可用斜体,引号或下划线;
专有名词常用斜体表示;
3、句号不同,要用点表示
4、省略号不同,要用3个点(…)表示;
5、破折号
6问号
误区Ⅰ 使用句型太复杂以致出错。
作文的写作强调的是内容连贯,句子通顺,语言流畅,并且句子与句子之间能够用恰当的关联词衔接起来,并不要求写出多复杂的句子。
但有些考生理解为只有句子长了,所用的从句多了才更纯正,所以使用各种从句分词等,致使文章言不达意,错误百出,效果适得其反。
误区Ⅱ 加入太多的想象成分,使内容细节过多,文章冗长。
学生在写作中的一大担心就是文章的长度不够,再加上对于“可适当增减细节,不可字对字的翻译”的误解,于是加入了很多离题较远的细节,乱了主题。
不可字对字其实只要求学生不可简单照译,并非不可翻译。
学生只要在理解写作要求的基础上以翻译为主,在要点之间加上简练恰当与必要的关联词和关联句即可。
翻译要点可直译也可意译,但要恰当准确,用已学过的词语与句型,切不可生搬硬造。
误区Ⅲ 书写不规范造成大量失分。
由于判卷的主观性,作文的卷面分往往不只1、2分。
因此写作的规范与书法非常重要,甚至所用墨水的颜色也应列入考虑之列,比如,浅色的墨水或油笔写出的字就显得乱,而深色的如碳素墨水则给人以整齐美观的印象。
这里介绍几个应注意的地方。
1.好的开头和结尾。
由于评卷人的主观性,好的开头与结尾往往给人以好的印象。
一般开头不要写得太罗嗦,要找着恰当的切入点,快速入题,简洁明快。
结尾同样不拖泥带水,最好还能适当评论,写出点睛之笔。
2.用好关联词。
在写作的过程中,以下关联词的应用非常关键。
比如,表并列的and,besides,aswellas,inadditionto,notonly…butalso,when,表递进的furthermore,what’smore,what’sworse,表转折的but,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,however,表选择的either…or…,whether…or…,otherwise等。
有了这些词的连接,就会使文章变得语句通顺,层次清楚,有声有色,考生勿需用很多的复合句也能让评卷人感觉到你的水平不同一般。
3.用好标点符号、大小写,安排好段落。
如果是汉语作文,学生大多注意标点符号,但写英语时一些考生就不够认真。
一篇文章下来一逗到底,没有标点的变化,没有大小写,没有段落划分(一般以三段为宜),让人一看就烦,更不要说得到好的分数。
4.用好情感词语。
任何文章都有自己的观点,英语小作文也不例外。
考生应注意用一些能反映自己观点的词,否则文章就很干瘪,没有韵味。
没有人愿意读没有感情的作文。
5.书写清楚,整洁,规范。
常见写作错误:
一、主语错误
1.主语缺失
1)误:
Inourcountryfeelsveryfree.
正:
Peoplefeelfreeinourcountry.
2)误:
Inmyhometownaren’tverybusy.
Peopleinmyhometownareverybusy.
2.非名词主语
Richdoesn’tensureahappylife.
Beingrichdoesn’tmeanahappylife./Wealthdoesn’tensureahappylife.
Keeptwofull-timejobsissimplyimpossible.
Keepingtwofull-timejobsissimplyimpossible.
3.主谓错位
Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.
Peoplecanacquireknowledgefrombooks.
Nowpeople’slivescan’tleaveTV.
Nowpeoplecan’tdowithoutTV.
二、谓语错误
1.多重谓语
Inourmodernsociety,therearemanyexamplesaroundusshowthatmanypeoplearecheated.
Inourmodernsociety,manyexamplesaroundusshowthatmanypeoplearecheated./Alargenumberofpeoplehavefallenvictimtovarioustricks.
Povertymakesmanypeoplecan’tstudyabroad.
Povertymakesmanypeopleunabletostudyabroad./Povertymakesitimpossibleformanypeopletostudyabroad./Povertypreventsmanypeoplefromstudyingabroad./Manypeoplecan’tstudyabroadbecauseofpoverty.
2.非动词谓语
Somepeoplefirmlyagree,butothersagainstit.
Somepeoplefirmlyagree,butothersareagainstit.
Itissaidthattheplaceworthstouring.
Itissaidthattheplaceisworthtouring.
3.主谓不一致
IhavetovisittheteacherwhoteachmeCollegeEnglish.
IhavetovisittheteacherwhoteachesmeCollegeEnglish.
Iuseadiskbecauseitholdplentyofdata.
Iuseadiskbecauseitholdsplentyofdata..
4.误用词组
Theyinsistonpost-graduatestudyisveryimportantforthem.
Theyinsistthatpost-graduatestudyisveryimportantforthem.
Iamafraidofthatit’sgoingtorain.
Iamafraidthatit’sgoingtorain.
三、冠词错误
Inmyopinion,thefutureofbicycleisverypromising.
Inmyopinion,thefutureofthebicycleisverypromising.
2)误:
Theysuggestthatweshouldchooseonlythegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadones.
Theysuggestthatweshouldchooseonlygoodbookstoreadandnevertouchbadones.
四、代词错误
1.偷梁换柱
Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.
Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,heshouldnotplagiarize.
Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.
Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveusandtheywillleaveusalong./Ifyoucheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.
2.指代不明
Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,whichnobodybelieved.
Hegaveareason,whichnobodybelieved,fornotattendingthemeeting./Hegaveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,areasonwhichnobodybelieved.
Sometimesteachershavetoinformthestudentsoftheheavyburdentheyhavetobear.
Sometimesteachershavetoinformthestudentsoftheheavyburdenstudentshavetobear.
五、形容词、副词错误
Whatismore,thechangeoftheweatherwillmaketheplacelookdifferently.
Whatismore,thechangeoftheweatherwillmaketheplacelookdifferent.
Surprisingenough,hefacesthefailureverybravely.
Surprisinglyenough,hefacesthefailureverybravely.
六、分词误用
1)误:
Comparingwithothercountries,Chinapayslittleattentiontotheenergyproblem.
Comparedwithothercountries,Chinapayslittleattentiontotheenergyproblem.
Thosespiritswerejustlikeanindispensablepartofthewholepicturewhenviewingthroughmycamera.
Thosespiritswerejustlikeanindispensablepartofthewholepicturewhenviewedthroughmycamera.
七、修饰语误置
SpokenEnglishisanimportantpartforlearningEnglishpeople.
SpokenEnglishisanimportantpartforpeoplelearningEnglish.
Tokeeptheairclean,wemustmovethefactorieswhichgiveoffpoisonousgasestothecountryside.
Tokeeptheairclean,wemustmovetothecountrysidethefactorieswhichgiveoffpoisonousgasestothecountryside.
八、垂悬修饰语
Havingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.
Havingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,peoplehavegreatlyimprovedtheirlivingstandard.
Totellmyfriendthegoodnews,theletterwaspostedatonce.
Totellmyfriendthegoodnews,Ipostedtheletteratonce.
九、平行错误
Whilewereducethenumberofvehicles,thespeedoftrafficcanbeincreased.
Whilewereducethenumberofvehicles,wecanincreasethespeedoftraffic.
BeforeIselectedthenewcourse,myteacherwarnedmeofthedifficultyofthecourseandhowlongitlasted.
BeforeIselectedthenewcourse,myteacherwarnedmeofthedifficultyandlengthofthecourse./BeforeIselectedthenewcourse,myteacherwarnedmehowdifficultthecoursewasandhowlongitlasted.
十、搭配错误
Inthepastthepriceofmeatwassoexpensivethatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.
Inthepastthepriceofmeatwassohighthatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.
Crowdedtrafficinsomelargecitiesisabigproblemforcitydwellers.
Heavytrafficinsomelargecitiesisabigproblemforcitydwellers.
十一、破句
Nowadays,ifyouwanttofindajob.Thenyoumustpassthejobinterview.
Nowadays,ifyouwanttofindajob,youmustpassthejobinterview.
Firstyoushouldshowgoodmanners.Becausethefirstimpressionyouleaveonothersisimportant.
Firstyoushouldshowgoodmanners,becausethefirstimpressionyouleaveonothersisimportant.
应对计策及语言组织技巧
一、文字通顺连贯
英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志,根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则,一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词,否则句子是不符合语法规则的。
如:
Allflightshadbeencancelled,thepassengershadtogotherebytrain.本句的两部分都有完整的主谓,但并没有连接词加以连接,故是错误的,应改为:
Becauseallflightshadbeencancelled,thepassengershadtogotherebytrain.或Allflightshadbeencancelled,sothepassengershadtogotherebytrain.或用分词形式Allflightshavingbeencancelled,thepassengershadtogotherebytrain.由以上例子可以看出,复合句内部必须要有连接词,有时句子之间也需要连接词,而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系,是英文语言最大的价值之一。
当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系,以达到通顺之效果。
以下是对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳:
总结关系过渡词语
generallyspeaking,generally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,onalargerscale,totaketheideafurther,totaketheaboveopiniontoanextreme,inasense,inonesense,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyopinion,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,undoubtedly,intermsof,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,insummary,inaword,onthewhole,tosumup,toconclude
比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly,likewise,like,too,equallyimportant,thesameas,incommon,inthesameway,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,whereas,ratherthan,conversely,instead,in/bycontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless
列举关系过渡词语
forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asacaseinpoint,suchas,namely,thatis,like,thus,first,second,third,finally,inthefirstplace,initially,firstofall,tobeginwith,tostartwith,whatismore,furthermore,eventually,besides,inaddition(tothat),firstandforemost,lastbutnotleast,next,also,moreover,foronething,foranother
因果关系过渡词语
because(of),as,since,for,owingto,dueto,thanksto,onaccountof,asaresultof,resultin(from),consequently,forthereasonthat,asaconsequence,consequently,iffollowsthat,accordingly,therefore,hence
让步关系过渡词语
although,eventhough,afterall,inspiteof,despite,grantedthat
强调关系过渡词语
anyway,certainly,surely,obviously,tobesure,especially,particularly,aboveall,indeed,infact,evenworse,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,nodoubt
递进关系
inaddition,furthermore,also,moreover,besides,again,and,likewise,what'
smore
时间顺序
afterwards,atlast,atlength,immediately,inthemeantime,lately,meanwhile,presently,shortly,since,soon,temporarily,thereafter,while
方位序列
infrontof,beside,beyond,above,below,inside,outside,ontheleft,ontheright
方式手段
as,asif,asthough,theway,by
目的关系
that,sothat,lest,incase,forfearthat,inorderthat
词语的使用
选词
多用近义词
makemanufacture
buypurchase
finishaccomplish
endterminate
useutilize
loveaffection