英美文学常识之欧阳地创编Word文档下载推荐.docx
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ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avonin1564.Whenhewasabout14yearsold,hehadtoleaveschooltohelpsupporthisfamily.In1582,hemarriedAnneHathaway,whowas8yearsolderthanhim.LaterhewenttoLondonandbecameanactorandwriter.In1612heretiredfromthestageandreturnedtohishometownanddiedin1616.Duringthe22yearsofhisliterarycareer,heproduced37plays,154sonnets(十四行诗)andsomelongpoems.
Shakespeareproduced16comedies.Hismaincomediesare:
AMidsummerNight’sDream(《仲夏夜之梦》),AsYouLikeIt(《皆大欢喜》),MerchantofVenice(《威尼斯商人》),TheTwelfthNight(《第十二夜》)
MerchantofVenice
ThestorytellsusthatShylock,themoneylenderofJew,isdislikedbyallgoodmen,especiallybyAntonio,ayoungmerchantofVenice,Bassano,thefriendofhisfriendforhelp.AntoniohasnomoneyandgoestoShylock,whopretendstobekind,butasksAntoniotosignabond.Whenthedaytopaythedebtscomes,AntoniocannotpaythemoneyandtheJewdemandsthepoundoffleshassaidinthebond.Incourt,ayoungdoctor,PortiaindisguisesavesAntonia.
Shakespearewrote11tragedies,amongwhichthemostfamousare:
RomeoandJuliet(《罗密欧与朱丽叶》),Hamlet(《哈姆雷特》),Othello(《奥赛罗》),KingLear(《李尔王》),Macbeth(《麦克白》),TheTempest(《暴风雨》).
Hamlet
ThewholeplayshowshowHamlet,whorepresentsgoodandjustice,fightsagainsthisuncleinwhomalltheevilthingscanbeseen.ThisplayisregardedasthesummitofShakespeare’sart.
Thefamouslineintheplay“tobe,ornottobe”byHamletisoftenquotedbypeople.
Othello
ThestorytookplaceinVeniceandCyprus.TheheroOthelloisasplendidgeneral.Iago,averybadmanenviesOthello’shappiness.HetellsOthellothathiswifebetrayedhi.Othellostrangleshiswifeandlaterkillshimself.
KingLear
KingLear,oneoftheBritishkings,wantstodividehiskingdomintothreepartsandbestowseachdaughterapart.Thefirsttwodaughterstellhimthattheylovehimmorethanwordscouldexpress,whiletheyoungestdaughterrefusestoflatterhim.Theoldking,angrywiththeyoungestdaughter,dividesthekingdomintotwopartsandtheelderdaughtersgetthem.Later,theoldkingistreatedbadlyanddrivenoutofthetwoelderdaughters’houses.Theyoungestdaughtercomestofighthersistersbutiskilled.Atlast,thekingdiesofgriefandsorrow.SomecriticshavesaidthatKingLearisShakespeare’sgreatestachievement,whichisthemostcomplexinplotandmostpainful.
AmongShakespeare’s10historicalplays,HenryIVandHenryVaretworemarkableones.
Besidesthe37plays,Shakespearewrotesomelongpoemsand154sonnets.
HewasoneofthefoundersofrealisminEnglishliterature.Hisplaysaremirrorsofhisage.
2.JohnMilton
Miltonisthegreatestwriterofthe17thcentury.InhislifeandliterarycareerthetwodominanthistoricalmovementsofRenaissanceandRefo0rmationcombineandreceivetheirmostintenseandintelligentexpression.HetowersoverhisagejustasShakespearetowersovertheElizabethanageandChaucerovertheMedievalAge.
MiltonwasborninLondon.HewenttoCambridgeUniversityandgotB.A.andM.A.there.MiltonwasmarriedtoMaryPowellin1642butshelefthimsixweekslater.AftertheRestorationoftheMonarchyin1660,MiltonbeganhismasterpieceParadiseLost(《失乐园》).Beforehisdeath,hepublishedtwootherworksParadiseRegained(《复乐园》)andSamsonAgonists(《力士参孙》),butneitherissuccessfulasParadiseLost.
ParadiseLost
ParadiseLostisMilton’smasterpieceandthegreatestEnglishepic.Inthepoem,Godisnobetterthanaselfishdespot,whoiscruelandunjustinpunishingSatan(撒旦),therebel.AdamandEveembodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman.Satanistherealheroofthepoem.
3.DanielDefoe
Defoewasanovelistwhohasbeenregardedasthediscovererofthemodernnovel.Hisstrongcreativespiritinnovelwritingwonhimthetitle“FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovels”.
DefoewasthesonofaLondonbutcher.Whenhewasnearly60yearsold,hereturnedtowritingnovels.HisfirstnovelTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoewasagreatsuccessandDefoebecameawell-knownwriteralloverEurope.
RobinsonCrusoe
Thestoryistoldinthefirstpersonsingular.Atthebeginning,weseeCrusoe’scareerasasailor,amerchantandaslaveowner.OnthevoyagetoAfrica,hemetashipwreckandfoundhimselfcastbytheseaweavesupontheshoreofanuninhabitedisland.Hemanagedthelivelihoodtherebyhimself.Hebuiltashelter,grewbarleyandriceandfoughtagainstsavages.LaterherescuedonesavageandnamedhimFriday,whobecamehisfaithfulservant.FinallyanEnglishshipcameandtookhimtoEurope,thusCrusoeendedhis28-yearlifeontheisland.Afterwards,hereturnedtoEnglandandgotmarried.Atlast,heailedbacktotheislandandestablishedacolonythere.
CrusoerepresentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystageofitsdevelopment.
4.JonathanSwift
SwiftwasborninDublin.AftergraduationfromDublinUniversity,hewenttoEnglandandbecamethesecretarytoSirWilliamTemplewhotreatedhimbadly.Duringthisperiod,hebegantowrite.Later,inordertojointhestruggleoftheIrishpeopleagainsttheirEnglishoppressors,hewrotesomepamphletsconcerningIreland.InAModestProposal,withbitterirony,SwiftsuggestedthatthepoorIrishpeasantsfattentheirone-year-oldchildrenandsellthemasfoodtotherich,whichisamostpowerfulblowattheEnglishgovernment.
IntheperiodwhenhewascloselylinkedwiththeIrishpeople,hewrotehismasterpieceGulliver’sTravels(《格列佛游记》).Gulliver'
sTravels
(1726,amended1735),isanovelby
Irish
writerandclergyman
JonathanSwift
thatisbotha
satire
onhumannatureanda
parody
ofthe"
travellers'
tales"
literarysub-genre.ItisSwift'
sbestknownfull-lengthwork,andaclassicof
Englishliterature.
5.WilliamBlake
Blake’smainworksincludes:
SongsofInnocence(《天真之歌》):
Thiscollectioncontainspoemswrittenforchildrenofwhichthebest-knownpoemisTheLamb(《羊羔》).
SongsofExperience(《经验之歌》):
ThiscollectionismuchmatureandisBlake’smostimportantwork.Thebest-knownpoemsinthiscollectionareTheTiger(《老虎》),London(《伦敦》)andTheChimney-Sweeper(《扫烟囱的孩子》).Thispoeminthiscollectionshowsthatthepoet’seyesareopentotheevilsandvicesoftheworld.
6.RobertBurns
RobertBurns’poetryfallsintoseveralgroupsaccordingtothesubjectmatter.
MostofBurn’spoemsarelyricsonloveandfriendship.Theyhaveagreatcharmofsimplicity.Theyareverymusicalandcanbesung.HisbestknownlyricsareARed,RedRose(《红红的玫瑰》),AuldLangSyne(《旧日美好时光》).
Burnswrotesomepoemstoexpresshishatredfortheoppressionoftherulingclassandhisloveforfreedom.
Burnsisthegreatestsongwriterintheworld.HeisthenationalpoetofScotland.MostofhispoemsandsongswerewritteninScotchdialects.Hewasthepeople’spoet.
7.WilliamWordsworth
WilliamWordsworthwasbornandgrewupintheLakeDistrict.ThenaturalbeautyandgrandeurofthisareawasamajorsourceofinspirationforWordsworththroughouthislife.In1787,heattendedCambridgeUniversity.In1797,hewasintroducedtoSamuelTaylorColeridgeandbecameclosefriends.TheirfriendshipisoneofthemostimportantandfruitfulfriendshipsinEnglishliterature.Later,heacceptedtheofficeofadistributorofstampsandwasmade“PoetLaureate”(桂冠诗人).Hediedin1850whenhewas80yearsold.
8.GeorgeGordonByron
ByronwaseducatedinCambridgeUniversity,whereheledanunbalancedlife.In1815,ByronmarriedAnnabellabutquarreledwithherbitterly.Afterthebirthoftheirdaughter,shelefthim.ByronleftEnglandin1816duetothescandalsandneverreturned.In1824,ByrondiedoffeverinGreece.
Byronwrotealotoflyricalpoems.Theydealwithnatureandlove.Thebest-knownpiecesareSheWalksinBeauty(《她走在美的光影里》),WhenWeTwoParted(《昔日依依别》)andHebrewMelodies(《希伯来歌曲》).Byronischieflyknownforhistwolongpoems,oneisChildeHarold’sPilgrimage(《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》),theotherisDonJuanwhichishismasterpiece.
Thestoryofthepoemtakesplaceinthelatterpartofthe18thcentury.DonJuan(《唐璜》)isaSpanishyouthofaristocraticbirth.ThelongpoemdescribesDonJuan’sadventuresinmaycountries.
ByronisoneofthemostexcellentrepresentativesofEnglishRomanticism.Hisliterarycareerwascloselyassociatedwiththestruggleandprogressivemovementofhisage.HispoemsarefavoritesoftheBritishworkers.
9.PercyByssheShelley
ShelleywenttoOxfordUniversitybutwasexpelledaftersixmonths.expelledaftersixmonths.Hehadtwomarriagesandthesecondonewashappy.LaterhisfirstwifediedandByronwascompelledtoleaveEnglandin1818andspentalltherestofhislifeinItaly,wherehemet.Byron.In1822,hewasdrowned.
PrometheusUnbound(《解放的普罗米修斯》)isShelly’smasterpiece.ThestoryistakenfromGreekmythology.AccordingtoGreekmyth,PrometheusstealsfirefromHeavenandispunishedbyZeus,whochainshimtoarock.FinallyZeusisoverthrownandHerculessetsPrometheusfree.
Shelly’sshortpoemsonnatureandloveformanimportantpartofhisliteraryoutput.Hisbestlovelyrics:
OdetotheWestWind(《西风颂》)andOdeToaSkylark(《云雀颂》).“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?
”isafamouslineinOdetotheWestWind.
Shellylovedthepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsandexploiters.Byroncalledhim“thebestandleastselfishmanIeverknew”.
10.JohnKeats
Keatswasofveryhumbleorigin.In1817,hepublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoemsandin1818appearedhissecondvolume.Keats’personallifewasquiteunhappy.HediedinRomeattheageof26.
Hisf