六级阅读 5种文章模式7Word格式.docx
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一、现象解释型
这种结构模式的文章作者一般开头先摆出一种现象或提出一个概念,接着围绕这一概念或现象进一步解释说明,最后总结这一现象产生的意义或再一次阐述概念;
或者是摆出现象,阐述现象可能产生的后果,最后提出自己的建议。
总体而言,主线有两种,即提出现象——解释说明——指出意义或建议,另一种是摆出现象——阐述后果——提出建议。
【真题示例】
(10-06)
【原文】-Onlytwocountriesintheadvancedworldprovidenoguaranteeforpaidleavefromworktocareforanewbornchild.Lastspringoneofthetwo,Australia,gaveupthatdubiousdistinctionbyestablishingpaidfamilyleavestartingin2011.IwasntsurprisedwhenthisdidntmakethenewshereintheUnitedStates—werenowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchapolicy.TheUnitesStatesdoeshaveoneexplicitfamilypolicy,theFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct,passedin1993.Itentitlesworkerstoasmuchas12weeksunpaidleaveforcareofanewbornordealingwithafamilymedicalproblem.Despitethemodestyofthebenefit,theChamberofCommerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitas“governmentrunpersonnelmanagement”anda“dangerous
【分析】
本文是一篇现象解释型文章。
文章采用“提出现象—解释说明——提出建议”的模式展开。
首段指出美国是惟一一个没有带薪休假照顾孩子这种的政策的发达国家这样一种现象。
precedent.”Infact,everystepoftheway,as(usually)Democraticleadershavetriedtointroduceworkfamilybalancemeasuresintothelaw,businessgroupshavebeenstronglyopposed.AsYalelawprofessorAnneAlstottargues,justifyingparentalsupportdependsondefiningthefamilyasasocialgoodthat,insomesense,societymustpayfor.InherbookNoExit:
WhatParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shearguesthatparentsareburdenedinmanywaysintheirlives:
thereis“noexit”whenitcomestochildren.“Societyexpects—andneeds—parentstoprovidetheirchildrenwithcontinuityofcare,meaningtheintensive,intimatecarethathumanbeingsneedtodeveloptheirintellectual,emotional,andmoralcapabilities.Andsocietyexpects—andneeds—parentstopersistintheirrolefor18years,orlongerifneeded.”Whilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.Whatparentsdo,inotherwords,isofdeepconcerntothestate,fortheobviousreasonthatcaringforchildrenisnotonlymorallyurgentbutessentialforthefutureofsociety.Thestaterecognizesthisinthelargebodyoffamilylawsthatgovernchildrenswelfare,yetparentsreceivelittlehelpinmeetingthelifechangingobligationssocietyimposes.Toclassifyparentingasapersonalchoiceforwhichthereisnocollectiveresponsibilityisnotmerelytoignorethesocialbenefitsofgoodparenting;
really,itistostealthosebenefitsbecausetheyaccrue(不断积累)tothewholeofsocietyastodayschildrenbecometomorrowsproductivecitizenry(公民).Infact,bysomeestimates,thevalueofparentalinvestmentsinchildren,investmentsoftimeandmoney(includinglostwages),isequalto2030%ofgrossdomesticproduct.Iftheseinvestmentsgeneratehugesocialbenefits—astheyclearlydo—thebenefitsofprovidingmoresocialsupportforthefamilyshouldbethatmuchclearer.
第二段分析美国之所以没有类似政策的原因。
第三、四段指出社会应该给养育孩子的家长提供帮助,并说明原因。
二、观点论证型
这是论说文常用的一种结构模式,对于这种类型的阅读,考生掌握了作者的观点立场以及相关的论证,也就掌握了这篇文章的得分点。
这种类型的文章按照观点提出的先后又可以分为G—S型观点论证与S—G型观点论证。
G—S型,即general—specific,又称为一般——特殊型或者演绎型文章:
文章开头先给一个GeneralStatements,之后的部分是SpecificSentences,是一种由总到分、由大到小的组织模式。
这类文章遵循从观点到材料,从抽象到具体的逻辑法则,其基本框架是先总论后分论,中心论点出现在分论之前。
S—G型则相反,采用的是由分到总的行文格式,这类文章先从数据、科学观察、实验结果和引用权威等事实论据出发引发一个议题,最后得出结论。
【真题示例】(10-12)
【原文】Intheearly20thcentury,fewthingsweremoreappealingthanthepromiseofscientificknowledge.Inaworldstrugglingwithrapidindustrialization,scienceandtechnologyseemedtooffersolutionstoalmosteveryproblem.Newlycreatedstatecollegesanduniversitiesdevotedthemselvesalmostentirelytoscientific,technological,andengineeringfields.ManyAmericanscametobelievethatscientificcertaintycouldnotonlysolvescientificproblems,butalsoreformpolitics,government,andbusiness.TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld.AfterWorldWarII,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy.Americanscholarsfannedoutacrossmuchoftheworld—withsupportfromtheFordFoundation,theFulbrightprogram,etc.—topromotetheteachingofliteratureandtheartsinanefforttomakethecasefordemocraticfreedoms.IntheAmericaofourowntime,thegreateducationalchallengehasbecomeanefforttostrengthentheteachingofwhatisnowknownastheSTEMdisciplines(science,technology,engineering,andmath).ThereisconsiderableandjustifiedconcernthattheUnitedStatesisfallingbehindmuch
本文是一篇观点论证型文章。
文章采用S—G的结构模式来安排文章结构
首段指出两次世界大战和一次大萧条使美国人意识到单靠科技无法解决社会所有问题,许多学者开始重视人文科学研究。
oftherestofthedevelopedworldintheseessentialdisciplines.India,China,Japan,andotherregionsseemtobeseizingtechnologicalleadership. Atthesametime,perhapsinevitably,thehumanities—whilestillpopularinelitecollegesanduniversities—haveexperiencedasignificantdecline.Humanisticdisciplinesareseriouslyunderfunded,notjustbythegovernmentandthefoundationsbutbyacademicinstitutionsthemselves.Humanistsareusuallyamongthelowestpaidfacultymembersatmostinstitutionsandareoftenlightlyregardedbecausetheydonotgenerategrantincomeandbecausetheyprovidenoobviouscredentials(资质)formostnonacademiccareers. UndoubtedlyAmericaneducationshouldtrainmorescientistsandengineers.MuchoftheconcernamongpoliticiansaboutthestateofAmericanuniversitiestodayisfocusedontheabsenceof“realworld”education—whichmeanspreparationforprofessionalandscientificcareers.Buttheideathatinstitutionsortheirstudentsmustdecidebetweenhumanitiesandscienceisfalse.Oursocietycouldnotsurvivewithoutscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.Butwecouldbeequallyimpoverished(贫困的)withouthumanisticknowledgeaswell.Scienceandtechnologyteachuswhatwecando.Humanisticthinkinghelpsusunderstandwhatweshoulddo. Itisalmostimpossibletoimagineoursocietywithoutthinkingoftheextraordinaryachievementsofscientistsandengineersinbuildingourcomplicatedworld.Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues.Wehavealwaysneeded,andwewillneed,both.
第二、三段讲述现在美国更重视科技和基础学科,而人文科学研究出现严重衰退,并说明原因。
第四、五段指出人文科学和自然科学一样重要,并说明原因。
三、问题解答型
这种类型的文章首先陈述文章背景,在该背景下提出问题,然后给出问题的解决方法或对该问题的反应,最后评估该方法。
问题解答型文章模式的特征可以用四个字母概括:
S—P—S—E,即,首先说明情况和背景(situation),然后提出问题(problem),接着做出反应,也就是解决问题(solution),当然问题也可能没有解决或没有完全解决,最后给予适当的评价或者分析(evaluation)。
总体布局上有时会舍去situation或evaluation部分,大部分该类型文章都是如此。
出题者就P—S类型文章设题时,在陈述背景部分设题的可能性往往较小,即使在这一部分设了题,通常也会是一些细节题;
在提出问题部分,往往会设一些与主旨或观点态度有关的题;
出题者在问题解决部分和给予评价部分设的题通常很灵活,有时会设主旨大意题,有时会设细节题,甚至还会设一些观点态度题。
(09-06)
【原文】 Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtles(海龟)havestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohandcarrythehatchlings(幼龟)downtothewatersedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingsitesontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,youdthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct. ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticseaturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp. Whichraisestheobviousquestion:
whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?
Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegglayingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedthe
本文是P—S类型的文章。
文章按照提出问题—进行评估—分析问题—解决办法的结构来安排。
第一段提出问题:
人们通过各种努力避免海龟灭绝。
第二段是进行评估部分,指出人们的努力没能避免海龟数量减少。
yearstheyspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurs(恐龙)willmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowacreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.
第三段分析海龟数量减少的真正原因。
第四段提出最终解决办法就是呼吁人们采取有效措施保护海龟。
四、匹配型
匹配型也就是Matching型:
段落的发展主线为两种事物之间的类比,可以是两种事物各自优缺点的一一对应,也可以是先介绍完一个事物,再接着介绍另一个事物。
Matching类型文章结构模式是:
两种论点概述——一种论点——另一种论点;
或者是现象——一种事物——另一种事物