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TheMarriageofPsychologyandMarketing
[E]Toeffectivelymarkettochildren,advertisersneedtoknowwhatmakeskidstick.Withthehelpofwell-paidresearchersandpsychologists,advertisersnowhaveaccesstoin-depthknowledgeaboutchildren’s
developmental,emotionalandsocialneedsatdifferentages.Usingresearchthatanalyzeschildren’sbehaviour,fantasylives,artwork,eventheirdreams,companiesareabletocraftsophisticatedmarketingstrategiestoreachyoungpeople.
Theissueofusingchildpsychologiststohelpmarketerstargetkidsgainedwidespreadpublicattentionin1999,whenagroupofU.S.mentalhealthprofessionalsissuedapubliclettertotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)urgingthemtodeclarethepracticeunethical.TheAPAiscurrentlystudyingtheissue.
BuildingBrandNameLoyalty
[G]CanadianauthorNaomiKleintracksthebirthof“brand”marketinginher2000bookNoLogo.AccordingtoKlein,themid-1980ssawthebirthofanewkindofcorporation—Nike,CalvinKlein,TommyHilfiger,tonameafew—whichchangedtheirprimarycorporatefocusfromproducingproductstocreatinganimagefortheirbrandname.Bymovingtheirmanufacturingoperationstocountrieswithcheaplabour,theyfreedupmoneytocreatetheirpowerfulmarketingmessages.Ithasbeenatremendouslyprofitableformula,andhasledtothecreationofsomeofthemostwealthyandpowerfulmulti-nationalcorporationstheworldhasseen.
[H]Marketersplanttheseedsofbrandrecognitioninveryyoungchildren,inthehopesthattheseedswillgrowintolifetimerelationships.AccordingtotheCenterforaNewAmericanDream,babiesasyoungassixmonthsofagecanformmentalimagesofcorporatelogosandmascots.Brandloyaltiescanbeestablishedasearlyasagetwo,andbythetimechildrenheadofftoschoolmostcanrecognizehundredsofbrandlogos.Whilefastfood,toyandclothingcompanieshavebeencultivatingbrandrecognitioninchildrenforyears,adult-orientedbusinessessuchasbanksandautomakersarenowgettinginontheact.BuzzorStreetMarketing
[I]Thechallengeformarketersistocutthroughtheintenseadvertisingclutter(杂乱)inyoungpeople’slives.Manycompaniesareusing“buzzmarketing”—anewtwistonthetried-and-true“wordofmouth”method.Theideaistofindthecoolestkidsinacommunityandhavethemuseorwearyourproductinordertocreateabuzzaroundit.Buzz,or“streetmarketing”,asit’salsocalled,canhelpacompanytosuccessfullyconnectwiththeelusive(难找的)teenmarketbyusingtrendsetterstogivethemproducts“cool”status.
[J]Buzzmarketingisparticularlywell-suitedtotheInternet,whereyoung“Netpromoters”usechatroomsandblogstospreadthewordaboutmusic,clothesandotherproductsamongunsuspectingusers.CommercializationinEducation
[K]Schoolusedtobeaplacewherechildrenwereprotectedfromtheadvertisingandconsumermessagesthatpermeatedtheirworld—butnotanymore.Budgetshortfalls(亏空,差额)areforcingschoolboardstoallowcorporationsaccesstostudentsinexchangeforbadlyneededcash,computersandeducationalmaterials.
[L]Corporationsrealizethepoweroftheschoolenvironmentforpromotingtheirnameandproducts.Aschoolsettingdeliversacaptiveyouthaudienceandimpliestheendorsementofteachersandtheeducationalsystem.Marketersareeagerlyexploitingthismediuminanumberofways,including:
1)sponsorededucationalmaterials;
2)supplyingschoolswithtechnologyinexchangeforhighcompanyvisibility;
3)advertisingpostedinclassrooms,schoolbuses,oncomputersinexchangeforfunds;
4)contestsandincentiveprograms:
forexample,thePizzaHutreadingincentivesprograminwhichchildrenreceivecertificatesforfreepizzaiftheyachieveamonthlyreadinggoal;
5)sponsoringschoolevents.TheInternet
[M]TheInternetisanextremelydesirablemediumformarketerswantingtotargetchildren.It’spartofyouthculture.?
ThisgenerationofyoungpeopleisgrowingupwiththeInternetasadailyandroutinepartoftheirlives.Kidsareoftenonlinealone,withoutparentalsupervision.Unlikebroadcastingmedia,whichhavecodesregardingadvertisingtokids,theInternetisunregulated.Sophisticatedtechnologiesmakeiteasytocollectinformationfromyoungpeopleformarketingresearch,andtotargetindividualchildrenwithpersonalizedadvertising.MarketingAdultEntertainmenttoKids
[N]Childrenareoftenawareofandwanttoseeentertainmentmeantforolderaudiencesbecauseitisactivelymarketedtothem.Inareportreleasedin2000,theU.S.FederalTradeCommission(FTC)revealedhowthemovie,musicandvideogamesindustriesroutinelymarketviolententertainmenttoyoungchildren.
[O]TheFTCstudied44filmsrated“Restricted”,anddiscoveredthat80percentweretargetedtochildrenunder17.MarketingplansincludedTVcommercialsrunduringhourswhenyoungviewersweremostlikelytobewatching.TheFTCreportalsohighlightedthefactthattoysbasedoncharactersfrommatureentertainmentareoftenmarketedtoyoungchildren.Matureratedvideogamesareadvertisedinyouthmagazines;
andtoysbasedon“Restricted”moviesandM-ratedvideogamesaremarketedtochildrenasyoungasfour.
46.Guiltcanaffectparents"
spendingdecisionsbecausetheydon’thaveenoughtimefortheirkids.
47.TheCenterforaNewAmericanDreampointedoutthatbrandloyaltiescouldbeformedasearlyasagetwo.
48.Schoolboardsallowcorporationstoaccesstostudentsbecausetheyneedmoneyandeducationalmaterialsbadly.
49.TheFTCreporthighlightedthefactthattoysbasedoncharactersfrommatureentertainmentareoftenmarketedtoyoungchildren.
50.Forthisgenerationofyoungpeople,theInternetisadailyandroutinepartoftheirlives.
51.AccordingtoKidfluence,“persistencenagging”islesseffectivethanthemoresophisticated“importancenagging”.
52.AccordingtoareportreleasedbytheU.S.FederalTradeCommission,themovie,musicandvideogamesindustriesusuallymarketviolententertainmenttoyoungchildren.
53.Buzzmarketingiswell-suitedtotheInternetbecausetheinteractiveenvironmentcanspreadmessageseffectively.
54.AgroupofU.S.mentalhealthprofessionalsthinkthatitisunethicaltousechildpsychologiststohelpmarketerstargetkids.
55.AccordingtothePizzaHutreadingincentivesprogram,childrenwillreceivecertificatesforfreepizzaiftheyachieveamonthlyreadinggoal.
PartⅢReadingComprehension
46.[B]题干意为,内疚感会影响父母做出消费决定,因为他们没有足够的时间陪孩子。
注意抓住题干中的关?
键词guilt和parents’spendingdecisions。
文章段落中,论及内疚感和影响父母购买决定的内容在[B]段出现,该段第二句提到,内疚感能够影响父母做出的消费决定,忙碌的父母希望用购买的东西来弥补自己没有足够的时间陪孩子。
由此可知,题干对原文进行了同义改写,故答案为[B]。
题干中的affect与原文中的playarolein对应。
47.[H]。
题干意为,新美国梦中心指出,孩子早在两岁的时候就可以形成品牌忠诚度。
注意抓住题干中的关键词theCenterforaNewAmericanDream,brandloyalties和agetwo。
文章段落中,提到新美国梦中心的内容在[H]段出现,该段第三句提到,根据新美国梦中心所说,早在两岁的时候就可以建立品牌忠诚度,而等到开始上学的时候,大多数孩子都可以认识几百个品牌标识。
由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为[H]。
48.[K]。
题干意为,教育委员会允许企业接近学生是因为他们急需资金和教学材料。
注意抓住题干中的关键词schoolboards。
文章段落中,提到教育委员会的内容在[K]段出现,该段第二句中提到,预算亏空迫使教育委员会允许企业进入校园,以此换取学校急需的资金、计算机和教学材料。
题干对原文内容做了概述,故答案为[K]。
49.[O]。
题干意为,联邦贸易委员会的报告强调了一个事实,即以成人娱乐中各个角色为原型的玩具经常被推销给年幼的孩子。
注意抓住题干中的关键词FTCreport和highlightedthefact。
文章段落中,提到联邦贸易委员会(FTC)有[N]和[0]两段,但结合题干中的highlightedthefact可知相关内容在[0]段,该段第三句提到,联邦贸易委员会的报告还强调了一个事实,即基于成人娱乐中角色的玩具经常被推销给年幼的孩子,题干与原文意思一致,故答案为[0]。
50.[M]。
题干意为,对于这一代年轻人来说,互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。
注意抓住题干中的关键词thisgenerationofyoungpeople和Internet。
文章段落中,提到这一代年轻人和互联网关系的内容在[M]段,该段第三句提到,互联网伴随着这一代年轻人长大,互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。
由此可知,题干是对原文内容的同义转述,故答案为[M]。
51.[D]。
题干意为,根据《儿童影响力》这本书所说,“坚持纠缠”不如更圆滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。
注意抓住题干中的关键词!
persistencenagging,effective和importancenagging。
文章段落中,提到《儿童影响力》这本书是在[D]段,该段第二句提到,“坚持纠缠”就是一再地恳求)不如更圆滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。
由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为[D]。
题干中的lesseffectivethan与原文中的notaseffectiveas对应。
52.[N]。
题干意为,依据美国联邦贸易委员会的一份报告,电影、音乐和电子游戏业经常向年幼的儿童推销暴力娱乐。
注意抓住题干中的关键词areportreleasedbytheU.S.FederalTradeCommission和movie,musicandvideogamesindustries。
文章段落中,提到美国联邦贸易委员会的报告和电影等行业的内容在[N]段,该段第二句中提到,美国联邦贸易委员会2000年发表的一份报告中披露了电影、音乐和电子游戏业是如何习惯性地