微生物题库英文文档格式.docx
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■.Winogradsky
■.Woese
4.Fungidifferfrombacteriainanumberofcharacteristics.Thecellwallsinfungiarecomposedof,whilethecellwallsofbacteriaarecomposedofpeptidoglycan.A
■.chitin壳多糖
■.phospholipid磷脂
■.protein蛋白质
■.glucosamine葡糖胺
5.Thefirstmicroscopesweredevelopedby:
■.Ehrlich
■.Metchnikoff
■.Leewenhoek
■.Lister
6.Controlofmicrobialinfectionscanbeaccomplishedbychemicalorimmunemechanisms.Thefirstreportontheproductionofanantibiotic(抗生素)iscreditedto:
■.Fleming
■.Koch
7.Theterm"
antibiotic"
means:
■.asubstanceproducedbythelaboratorythatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
■.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitsmolds(霉菌)
■.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismthatkillsorinhibitsothermicroorganisms
■.asubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatkillsorinhibitscancercells
8.Thefirstdocumenteduseofavaccine(疫苗)forsmallpox天花wasreportedbytheEnglishphysician:
■.Florey
■.Jenner
9.Activeimmunity(主动免疫)canbedistinguishedfrompassiveimmunityinthattheformerrequires:
B
■.developmentofantibodiesinone'
sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantibodies
sownbodybystimulationwithexternalantigens(抗原)
■.Flemingdevelopmentofantibodiesinaforeignhostandtransfertoone'
sownbody
■.developmentofantigensinone'
10.Theprocessofnitrification(硝化作用)bybacteriadescribedbyWinogradskyconverts:
A
■.ammoniatonitrateions将氨转化成硝酸盐
■.nitrateionstoammonia将硝酸盐转化成氨
■.N2toammonia将氮气转化成氨
■.ammoniatourea将氨转化成尿素
11.ThetransferofDNAfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughtheuseofaviralvector(病毒载体)isreferredtoas:
■.electroporation电穿孔
■.conjugation接合生殖
■.transformation转化
■.transduction转导
12.Thegeneticmaterialofabacteriaislocatedinthemolecule:
■.RNA
■.DNA
■.protein
■.lipid
■FillintheBlank
1.Organismsthatcontainatruenucleusarecalled__eukaryotic_____
2.Bacteriadonothaveatruenucleusandareconsidered_____prokaryotic__
3.Bacteriacanbedividedintotwogroups,the___archeabacteria____andthe____eubacteria(真细菌)___.
4.___anaerobes(厌氧菌)___areorganismsthatcangrowwithoutusingmolecularoxygen.
5.MicroorganismsthatcansynthesizecomplexorganiccompoundsfromCO2:
arecalled___autotrophs_(自养菌)__.
6._photoautotrophs(光能自养生物)_____aremicroorganismsthatobtaintheirenergytosynthesizeorganiccompoundsfromlight.
7._heterotroph_(异养菌)___requireorganiccompoundsforgrowth.
8.Organismsthatsurviveonlyatveryhightemperaturesarereferredtoas__thermophile_(适温性)___.
9._methanogen_(产甲烷菌)____areorganismsthatproducemethane(甲烷)fromCO2.
10.___halophile_(好盐的)__organismsgrowunderconditionsofhighsalinity.
11.Eubacteriacanexhibitanumberofmorphologicalshapes.Identifyfour:
a._sphericalorcocci_____b._cylindricalorrod_____c.__spirals____d.___irregular__
12.Fungi,algaeandprotozoacanbedifferentiatedfrombacteriabythefollowingcharacteristic:
___eukaryotic____.
13.Fungihavecellwallconsistingof__chitin(壳多糖)_____.
14.Virusesconsistof_nucleicacid_____surroundedbyaproteincoat.
15.Thescientificmethodutilizesdeductivereasoning(演绎推理)andobservationsorexperimentstoproveordisprovea_hypothesis_(假说)___.
16.Thetheory_spontaneousgeneration______ofheldthatlivingorganismscouldarisefromnonlivingmatter.(非生命物质)
17.Theprocessusedtoreducethenumberofviableorganisms(活菌)bymoderateheatingiscalled:
_pasteurization__(巴士消毒法)___.
18.Theprocessoftyndallization(间歇灭菌法)usesrepeatedheatingtoeliminateor___sterilize(杀菌)____microorganismsfromsolutions.
19.An_antibiotic(抗生素)______isasubstanceproducedbymicroorganismsthatinhibitsorkillsothermicroorganisms.
20.Theprocessofstimulatingtheimmunedefensesofthebodyisreferredtoas__immunization_____.
21.Whitebloodcellsthatengulf(吞食)foreignparticles(异物颗粒)arereferredtoas_phagocytes___(吞噬细胞)__.
22.Asubstanceinserum(免疫血清)thatcanneutralize(中和)foreignmaterialisreferredtoas__antitoxin_(抗毒素)___or__antibody__(抗体)__.
23.Cellsinfectedwithavirusproduceasubstancecalled__interfewn____thatinhibitsviralreplication.
24.Avery,ColinandMacLeodfirstdemonstratedthattransformationofnonpathogenic(非病原的)topathogenicstrains(致病菌株)ofbacteriacouldbecarriedoutbythetransferof___DNA___.
25.Exchangeofgeneticinformationbydirectcontactisreferredtoas__conjugation____.
26._transformation_(转化)____istheprocessinwhichDNAistransferredfromonebacteriatoanother.
■Matching
l.FrancisBacona.phagocytosis吞噬作用
2.AntonLeeuwenhoekb.antibody抗体
3.PaulEhrlichc.nitrification硝化作用
4.HansGramd.immunization免疫法
5.LouisPasteure.threekingdomclassificationbasedonrRNA
6.RobertKochf.structureofDNA
7.JosephListerg.firstmicroscope第一台显微镜
8.AlexanderFlemingh.conjugationortransduction接合和转导作用
9.EdwardJenneri.differentialstainforbacteria
10.EliMetchnikoffj.interferon干扰素
11.EmilvonBehringk.rabiesvaccine狂犬病疫苗
12.AlickIsaac1.penicillin青霉素
13.SergeiWinogradskym.antiseptic(防腐剂)technique
14.JoshuaLederbergn.establishedthatbacteriacancausedisease
15.WatsonandCricko.magicbullet
16.CarlWoesep.scientificmethod
1.p2.g3.o4.i
5.k6.n7.m8.l
9.d10.a11.b12.j
13.c14.h15.f16.e
Test2:
MethodsforStudyingMicroorganisms
1.Lightmicroscopy(光学显微镜术)isdependentontheinteractionoflightwithonobject.Theabilityoflighttopassthroughanobjectisreferredtoas:
■.transportedlight
■.transmittedlight透射光
■.reflectedlight反射光
■.refractedlight折射光
2.Theresolvingpower(R)(分辨率)ofamicroscopeisdependentonthewavelength(波长)oflight(;
~)andthenumericalaperture(NA)ofthelens.Theformula(公式)forRis:
B
■.R=0.5~.xNA
■.R=0.5;
~/NA
■.R=NA/0.5Jr
■.R=Squarerootof0.5)./NA
?
3.Thegramstain(革兰氏染色)uses~asamordant(媒染剂)tofixtheprimarystain:
■.iodine碘
■.alcohol乙醇
■.acetone丙酮
■.safranin番红
4.Theacid-faststain(抗酸性染色)isusefulintheidentificationofwhichofthefollowingorganisms:
■.Staphylococcusaureus金黄色葡萄球菌
■.Mycoplasmamycoides霉菌样支原体
■.Mycobacteriatuberculosis结核分枝杆菌
■.Moraxellaosloensis奥斯陆摩拉克菌,
5.Botulism(肉毒中毒)isaseriousdiseasethatcandevelopfromtheimpropercookingoffoodcontainingbacterialspores(孢子).Whichofthefollowinggenera(属)arecapableofproducingspores?
■.Salmonella沙门氏菌属
■.Listeria利斯塔氏菌属
■.Escherichia埃希氏菌属
■.Clostridia梭菌属
6.Whichofthefollowingtypesofmicroscopesutilizeselectronbeams(电子束)tovisualize(使可见)objects?
B
■.Nomarski
■.TEM投射型电子显微镜
■.PCM脉冲
■.Confocal共焦的
7.Amixtureoforganismswasisolatedfromapatientsuspectedofhaving"
StrepThroat."
(脓毒性咽喉炎)Whichtypeofmediawouldyouusetoisolatethesuspectedpathogen(病原体)?
D
■.defined
■.enriched
■.selective
■.differential
8.Sterilization(灭菌)ofmaterialwithanautoclave(高压灭菌锅)utilizessteamtokillmicroorganisms.Thecorrectprocedureforsterilizationwithanautoclaveis:
■.15minat121℃at15lb/in2
■.15minat256℃at15lb/in2
■.15minat121℃at1lb/in2
■.15rainat121℃at30lb/in2
9.Anantibioticwasaddedtoacultureofbacteriatodetermineitseffect.Whatmethodofenumerationwouldyouusetodeterminetheefficacyoftheantibiotic?
B
■.directcount直接计数
■.viablecount活菌数
■.turbidimetriccount浊度计数
■.absorbance吸光度
10.Identificationofmicroorganisms(微生物)canbeaccomplished(完成)byanumberoftechniques.Whichofthefollowingrequiresthegrowthoftheorganism?
■.enzymelinkedassay(含量测定)
■.geneprobe基因探针
■.metabolic代谢
■.fluorescent荧光
1.Amedia(培养基)wherealltheingredients(成分)areknowniscalleda_defined_____media.
2.__aseptic(无菌的)____techniqueisusedtomaintainapureculture(纯培养物)andavoidcontamination.(污染)
3.Sterilizationinstrument(灭菌器械)thatutilizessteamunderpressure:
_autoclave_(高压灭菌锅)_____.
4.A___streak___plateutilizesaloop(接种环)orneedle(接种针)todistributeandisolatecoloniesonacultureplate.(培养皿)
5.__serological(血清学的)____identificationutilizesantibodies(抗体)fornamingofbacterialspecies.
6.Bacteriacanbepreserved(保藏)forlongperiodsoftimebyfreeze-drying(冷冻干燥)or__lyophilization____(冻干保藏法).
7.Themrbidimetricmethodofcountingbacteriautilizesa_spectrophotometer(分光光度计)_____tomeasuretheamountoflightpassingthroughasolution.
8.Theviableplate(平板细菌计数)countcountslivebacterialcolonies(菌落)intherangeor____30__to__300____.
9.Acountingchamber(计数板)andamicroscope(显微镜)areusedinthe_direct_____countofbacteria.
10.The_geneprobe_(基因探针)____techniqueutilizesalabeled(示踪的)complementarystrandofnucleicacidtoidentifyspecificbacteriainaspecimen.(样本)
■Matching
MatchingI:
l.Primarystainforgramstaina.Negativestain负染色
2.Stainsbacterialcellb.Carbohlfuchsin品红
3.Usedtofixstainc.Crystalviolet结晶紫
4.Decolorize脱色d.Malachitegreen孔雀绿
5.Sporestaine.Safranin番红
6.Aci