GREIssue高频分类提纲文档格式.docx

GREIssue高频分类提纲文档格式.docx

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是科技创新发展的前提；

市政官员施政的本质，学生求得真知的动力。

质疑精神并不是排除异己，其实是思想交流而非排斥。

过分质疑导致的非此即彼会阻碍科学的进步和发展。

21"

Reformisseldombroughtaboutbypeoplewhoareconcernedwiththeirownreputationandsocialstanding.Thosewhoarereallyinearnestaboutreformingagovernment,aneducationalsystem,oranyotherinstitutionmustbewillingtobeviewedwithdisdainbytherestoftheworld."

25"

Anyonecanmakethingsbiggerandmorecomplex.Whatrequiresrealeffortandcourageistomoveintheoppositedirection—inotherwords,tomakethingsassimpleaspossible."

27.“Noonecanpossiblyachievesuccessintheworldbyconformingtoconventionalpracticesandconventionalwaysofthinking.”

这个世界上，在行动或思维上墨守成规的人是不会获得成功的。

新手和老手之墨守成规和成功

不能一概吸收也不能一概批判。

一个人如果一味墨守陈规，就很难突破前任对他的束缚，很难取得真正的成功。

政治上的墨守成规会导致政治制度的僵化Rigidpoliticalsystem，经济上会导致发展死水backwater，学科上会让人变成井底之蛙。

创新意识的重要性。

一个真正获得伟大成功尤其是成就卓越的人都会具有创新精神、敢于摆脱传统束缚的人。

如：

著名化学家戴维一生在探索化学元素，最终成为世界上发现化学元素最多的人，同时还开创了许多真空地带，同时也是利用电解法得到碱金属元素的化学家，提拔了助手法拉第。

SirHumphryDavy,1stBaronetFRSMRIA（17December1778–29May1829）wasaBritishchemistandinventor.[1]Heisprobablybestrememberedtodayforhisdiscoveriesofseveralalkaliandalkalineearthelements,aswellascontributionstothediscoveriesoftheelementalnatureofchlorineandiodine.HeinventedtheDavylamp,whichallowedminerstoentergassyworkings.BerzeliuscalledDavy'

s1806BakerianLectureOnSomeChemicalAgenciesofElectricity[2]"

oneofthebestmemoirswhichhaseverenrichedthetheoryofchemistry."

[3]Thispaperwascentraltoanychemicalaffinitytheoryinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.

MichaelFaraday,FRS（22September1791–25August1867）wasanEnglishchemistandphysicist（ornaturalphilosopher,intheterminologyofthetime）whocontributedtothefieldsofelectromagnetismandelectrochemistry.

HaroldClaytonUrey（April29,1893–January5,1981）wasanAmericanphysicalchemistwhosepioneeringworkonisotopesearnedhimtheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1934andlaterledhimtotheoriesofplanetaryevolution.

第三段：

但是我们对于某一领域已有的成就要有批判地吸收。

如哥白尼、开普勒JohannesKepler和牛顿。

establish,whichlaidafoundationof…LawofGravity

31"

Moneyspentonresearchisalmostalwaysagoodinvestment,evenwhentheresultsofthatresearcharecontroversial."

35"

Nomatterwhatthesituation,itismoreharmfultocompromiseone'

sbeliefsthantoadheretothem."

37"

Inmostsocieties,competitiongenerallyhasmoreofanegativethanapositiveeffect."

62"

Thewidespreadideathatpeopleshouldmakeself-improvementaprimarygoalintheirlivesisproblematicbecauseitassumesthatpeopleareintrinsicallydeficient."

64"

Manypeopleknowhowtoattainsuccess,butfewknowhowtomakethebestuseofit."

68"

Peoplemakethemistakeoftreatingexpertswithsuspicionandmistrust,nomatterhowvaluabletheircontributionsmightbe."

71"

Spendingtimealonemakesoneabettercompaniontoothers."

74"

Themosteffectivewaytocommunicateanideaorvaluetolargegroupsofpeopleisthroughtheuseofimages,notlanguage."

75"

Thepeoplewhomakeimportantcontributionstosocietyaregenerallynotthosewhodeveloptheirownnewideas,butthosewhoaremostgiftedatperceivingandcoordinatingthetalentsandskillsofothers."

81.“Patrioticreverenceforthehistoryofanationoftendoesmoretoimpedethantoencourageprogress.”

对国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用。

沙文主义

——关于改革。

适度的爱国主义是促进。

墨守成规。

过度地爱国导致沙文主义Chauvinism/jingoism。

对于国家光辉历史的热爱，有助于激发爱国热情。

它是国家民族凝聚力的原动力，通过了解一个国家的历史能够激发民族自豪感。

同时，通过了解民族和国家的血泪史也能够提高全体公民的动力。

历史是过去真实而客观的写照。

回顾历史有助于解决现在很多问题，大量参考经验和失败教训。

但是，任何事物都不宜过火。

过度爱国导致沙文主义对社会发展有害impede。

文化单边主义Unilateralism。

在全球化背景下，重蹈文化优劣比较的覆辙。

1991~1992年的克罗地亚内战，波黑内战。

84.“Inanyfieldofendeavor,itisimpossibletomakeasignificantcontributionwithoutfirstbeingstronglyinfluencedbypastachievementswithinthatfield.”

在任何领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去研究成果的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功

现在和过去

任何现在事物都受到过去重大成就和失败的影响。

正如牛顿所说，我所取得的成就是因为无数先辈的肩膀上。

"

WhatDes-Cartesdidwasagoodstep.Youhaveaddedmuchseveralways,andespeciallyintakingthecoloursofthinplatesintophilosophicalconsideration.IfIhaveseenfurtheritisbystandingontheshouldersofGiants."

自然科学领域中巴斯德对李斯特JosephLister的影响。

路易斯·

巴斯德（LouisPasteur）（1821-1895.9.25）法国微生物学家、化学家，近代微生物学的奠基人。

像牛顿开辟出经典力学一样，巴斯德开辟了微生物领域，他也是一位科学巨人。

巴氏消毒法pasteurization，李斯特碳酸消毒法listerize

社会科学领域，苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德的师承关系；

哲学领域：

柏拉图、康德、奥古斯丁——永不休止的哲学奠基人。

艺术领域：

巴赫、贝多芬和勃拉姆斯（第一交响曲被誉为贝多芬第十交响曲）。

虽然前人经验值得参考，但想取得更大成功，离不开自身的创新精神培养，要在前人基础上不断创新和改善，才能使得该领域不断前行。

86"

Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition."

87"

Inanyfieldofinquiry,thebeginnerismorelikelythantheexperttomakeimportantdiscoveries."

91"

Mostpeoplethinkthattheirdeeplyheldvaluesaretheresultofrationalchoice,butreasonoftenhaslittletodowiththewaypeopleformvalues."

95"

Peopleworkmoreproductivelyinteamsthanindividually.Teamworkrequirescooperation,whichmotivatespeoplemuchmorethanindividualcompetitiondoes."

99"

Inanyrealmoflife—whetheracademic,social,business,orpolitical—theonlywaytosucceedistotakeapractical,ratherthananidealistic,pointofview.Pragmaticbehaviorguaranteessurvival,whereasidealisticviewstendtobesupercededbysimpler,moreimmediateoptions."

118"

Inanyfieldofendeavor—thesciences,thehumanities,thesocialsciences,industry,etc.—itisnottheattainmentofagoalthatmatters,butrathertheideasanddiscoveriesthatareencounteredonthewaytothegoal."

121"

Atvarioustimesinthegeologicalpast,manyspecieshavebecomeextinctasaresultofnatural,ratherthanhuman,processes.Thus,thereisnojustificationforsocietytomakeextraordinaryefforts,especiallyatagreatcostinmoneyandjobs,tosaveendangeredspecies."

127"

Factsarestubbornthings.Theycannotbealteredbyourwishes,ourinclinations,orthedictatesofourpassions."

136.“Theabsenceofchoiceisacircumstancethatisvery,veryrare.”

没有选择的情况少之又少。

独立题目

不是没有选择，而是不愿意选择。

137"

Whatwecallprogressisamatterofexchangingoneproblemforanother."

139"

Everynewgenerationneedstoredefine'

right'

and'

wrong'

initsowntermsandaccordingtotheconditionsofitsowntime."

141"

Mostpeoplerecognizethebenefitsofindividuality,butthefactisthatpersonaleconomicsuccessrequiresconformity."

145"

Acrucialtestofcharacteriswhetheroneisabletoadapttochangingsocialconventionswithoutsacrificingone'

sprinciples."

146"

Peoplewhoarethemostdeeplycommittedtoanideaorpolicyarethemostcriticalofit."

148"

Manypeopleadmireidealism,butitusuallyleadstodisappointmentortrouble."

156"

Choiceisanillusion.Inreality,ourlivesarecontrolledbythesocietyinwhichwelive."

157"

Thereisnosuchthingaspurelyobjectiveobservation.Allobservationissubjective;

itisalwaysguidedbytheobserver'

sexpectationsordesires."

162"

Oneoftenhearsabouttheneedforindividualstotakeresponsibilityfortheirownlives.However,theconditionsinwhichpeoplefindthemselveshavebeenlargelyestablishedlongbeforepeoplebecomeawareofthem.Thus,theconceptofpersonalresponsibilityismuchmorecomplicatedandunrealisticthanisoftenassumed."

163"

Mostpeoplelive,whetherphysicallyormorally,inaveryrestrictedcircle.Theymakeuseofaverylimitedportionoftheresourcesavailabletothemuntiltheyfaceagreatproblemorcrisis."

165"

Inanygivenfield,theleadingvoicescomefrompeoplewhoaremotivatednotbyconvictionbutbythedesiretopresentopinionsandideasthatdifferfromthoseheldbythemajority."

168"

Criticaljudgmentofworkinanygivenfieldhaslittlevalueunlessitcomesfromsomeonewhoisanexpertinthatfield."

175"

Itisalwaysanindividualwhoistheimpetusforinnovation;

thedetailsmaybeworkedoutbyateam,buttrueinnovationresultsfromtheenterpriseanduniqueperceptionofanindividual."

182"

Itisdangeroustotrustonlyintelligence."

184"

Itisagravemistaketotheorizebeforeonehasdata."

186"

Practicalityisnowourgreatidol,whichallpowersandtalentsmustserve.Anythingthatisnotobviouslypracticalhaslittlevalueintoday'

sworld."

187"

Itiseasytowelcomeinnovationandacceptnewideas.Whatmostpeoplefinddifficult,however,isacceptingthewaythesenewideasareputintopractice."

188"

Success,whetheracademicorprofessional,involvesanabilitytosurviveinanewenvironmentand,eventually,tochangeit."

192"

Successinanyrealmoflifecomesmoreoftenfromtakingchancesorrisksthanfromcarefulandcautiousplanning."

194"

Thebestpreparationforlifeoracareerisnotlearningtobecompetitive,butlearningtobecooperative."

199"

Trulyinnovativeideasdonotarisefromgroupsofpeople,butfromindividuals.Whengroupstrytobecreative,themembersforceeachothertocompromiseand,asaresult,creativeideastendtobeweakenedandmad