浙江广播电视大学期末考试Word格式文档下载.docx

浙江广播电视大学期末考试Word格式文档下载.docx

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Mostscientistsarenowcertainthatglobalwarmingistakingplace.Gasessuchascarbondioxideproducedbyburningofcoal,oil,wood,togetherwithindustrialpollution,arecreatingawarmblanketaroundtheearth.Thisblanketistrappingheatintheatmosphere（theprocessknownas“thegreenhouseeffect”）,andsoraisingthetemperatureoftheearth（globalwarming）.

Theevidenceforglobalwarmingcannowbeseenintheworld’schangingclimatestatistics.InEurope,eightofthelasttenyearshaveseenrecordhightemperatures.FornorthernEurope,thishasgenerallybeenachangeforthebetter.GardenerscannowevengrowsometropicalplantsinEngland,thoughLondonmayneverseea“WhiteChristmas”again.Ontheotherhand,thecountriesaroundtheMediterraneansea,andthosesouthoftheSaharadesertarereceivingevenlessrainthanbefore.Insub-SaharanAfricathecropsaredryingoutinthefieldsandpeoplearedyingofstarvation.IntheAmericas,theclimateisbecomingmoreextreme-thesummersaregettinghotterandthestormsarebecomingmoreviolent.In1999thesouthernUnitedStateswasstruckbyaseriesofdestructivehurricanes,whiletheendof1999sawtheworstfloodseverinVenezuela.Meteorologistsexpectsuchtrendstocontinue,andindeedtoworsen,ifglobalwarmingcannotbehalted.

Inadditiontoworryingaboutrisingglobaltemperaturesandmoreextremeweatherconditions,scientistsarecloselyarecloselymonitoringsealevelsaroundtheworld.Theseareslowlyrising,asthenorthernandsouthernpolaricecapsstarttomelt.Thiswillhaveseriousconsequencesforlow-lyingcountriesnearthesea,suchasthecoralislandsinthePacific,andBangladeshwheretheRiverGangesalreadyfloodsthedeltaeveryyear.Alreadypartsoftheseplacesaredisappearingundertherisingtides.

Accordingtonewresearch,onecontradictoryfeatureofglobalwarmingisthatitwillprobablyleadintheendtoaperiodofmuchcolderweather,atleastinEurope.Scientistsbasetheirtheoryonwhathappenedthelasttimetheworldwarmedup,8,300yearsago.TheyhavediscoveredthatwhentheicemeltedfromthenorthernpolaricecapitbecametrappedinanenormouslakeinnorthernCanada.Asmoreicemeltedthislakesuddenlyburstopen,releasingmillionsoftonsoffreezingfreshwaterintotheNorthAtlantic.ThisfloodofwaterwassolargethatitpreventedthenormalflowofwaterintheAtlantic,whichtakeswarmwaterfromthetropicsnorthtoEurope.Whenthisflowofwarmwaterwascutoff,temperaturesinEuropedroppedbybetweenthreeandeightdegreesCelsiusoverthenexttwohundredyears.ScientistsbelievethatasimilarprocesscouldoccurinthenextcenturyiftheGreenlandIceSheetstartstomelt.“Ultimately,that’stheinteresthere,”saysRichardAlley,anAmericanclimateexpert.“Theclimatehasn’tvariedmuchin8,000years.Butthebigchangescouldcomeback!

”

Selecttheappropriateanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistherelationbetweenglobalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffect?

A）Globalwarmingcausesthegreenhouseeffect.

B）Thegreenhouseeffectcausesglobalwarming.

C）Globalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffectarebothtypesofindustrialpollution.

D）Globalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffectarenotconnectedinanyway.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,theoveralleffectofglobalwarmingonEurope’sclimateis_____________.

A）adeclineinrainfall

B）amoretropicalclimate

C）ageneralimprovementintheweather

D）betterforsomecountriesandworseforothers

3.BangladeshismentionedinParagraph3becauseitis_________________.

A）acountrymadeupofcoralislands

B）acountrywithgoodseadefences

C）acountrythreatenedbyrisingsealevels

D）adevelopingcountry

4.AccordingtoParagraph4,theclimateinEuropebecamecolder8,300yearsagobecause__________.

A）globalwarmingreversed,andsotemperaturesstartedtodroparoundtheworld

B）icemovedsouthtocoverEuropeandtheNorthAtlantic

C）enormouslakesoffreezingwatercoveredCanadaandEurope

D）meltediceintheNorthAtlanticstoppedwarmwaterfromreachingEurope

5.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsbelievethatglobalwarming_____________________.

A）willdefinitelyproduceacolderEuropewithin200years

B）willprobablyproduceacolderEuropein8,000years

C）willdefinitelynotproduceacolderEurope

D）willprobablyproduceacolderEuropeeventually

Passage2

Readpassage2carefullyandcompleteitems6-10asrequired（15points,3points）

AcidRain

Whenfossilfuelssuchascoal,gasoline,andfueloilsareburned,theyemitoxidesofsulfur,carbon,andnitrogenintotheair.Theseoxidescombinewithmoistureintheairtoformsulfuricacid,carbonicacid,andnitricacid.Whenitrainsorsnows,theseacidsfallontheearthinwhatiscalledacidrain.

Duringthe20thcentury,theacidityoftheairandacidrainhavecometoberecognizedasleadingthreatstothestabilityandqualityofEarth’senvironment.MostofthisacidityisproducedintheindustrializednationsoftheNorthernHemisphere-theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,andmanycountriesofEurope.

Theeffectsofacidraincanbeverydestructivetomanyformsoflife,includinghumanlife.Itseffectscanbemostvividlyseen,however,inlakes,rivers,andstreams.Acidityinwaterkillsvirtuallyalllifeforms.Bytheearly1990s,tensofthousandsoflakeshadbeendestroyedbyacidrain.TheproblemhasbeenmostsevereinNorway,Sweden,andCanada.

ScientistsusewhatiscalledthePHfactortomeasuretheacidityoralkalinityofliquidsolutions.Onascalefrom0to14,thenumber0representsthehighestlevelofacid.14representsthemostbasicoralkaline.RainfallsintheeasternUnitedStatesandinWesternEuropeoftenhaveaPHfactorrangingfrom4.5to4.0.

Thethreatposedbyacidrainisnotlimitedbygeographicboundaries.Windscarrythepollutantsaroundtheglobe.Forexample,muchresearchsupportstheconclusionthatpollutionfromcoal-poweredelectricgeneratingstationsinthemidwesternUnitedStatesistheultimatecauseofthesevereacid-rainproblemineasternCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStates.Norarethedestructiveeffectsofacidrainlimitedtothenaturalenvironment.Structuresmadeofstone,metal,andcementhavealsobeendamagedordestroyed.Someoftheworld’sgreatmonumentshaveshownsignsofdamage.Thisdamageisprobablycausedbyacidrain.

Thecostofantipollutionequipmentsuchasburners,filters,andchemicalandwashingdevicesisgreat.However,thecostindamagetotheenvironmentandhumanlifeisestimatedtobemuchgreaterbecausethedamagecausedbyacidrainmaybeirreversible.Althoughpreventivemeasuresarebeingtaken,upto5000,000lakesinNorthAmericamaybedestroyedbeforethe20thcentury.

6.Itcanbeconcludedfromthearticlethatacidrain_______________.

A）isaproblemthatcannotbesolvedbyonecountryalone

B）isathreatthatcannotbeeliminated

C）isthemostimportantproblemfacingtheworld

D）iscausingsevereproblemsinAfrica

7.Thearticletellsusthatthedestructionoflakesbyacidrainhasbeenmostseverewhere_______________.

A）thereisthemostindustry

B）theacidleveloftherainfall

C）windisthestrongest

D）rainfallsatefrequent

8Welearnfromthearticlethatlakesaredestroyedbyacidrainbecause_________________.

A）lakescannotexistwithoutlifeformsinwater

B）aciditykillsallformsoflifewhetheronlandorinthewater

C）thesurroundingvegetationiskilled

D）thereisnooxygeninthewater

9Theonlywaytoreversetheeffectsofacidrainisthrough_________________.

A）education

B）antipollutionequipment

C）measuringwateracidity

D）barringtheuseoffossilfuels

10Themostdamagingeffectsofacidrainmayeventuallybe________________.

A）lossofallrivers,lakes,andstreams

B）completedestructionofhistoricalmonuments

C）somelossofhumanlife

D）theeventualdestructionofcivilization

Passage3

Readpassage3carefullyandcompleteitems11-15asrequired（15points,3points）

ConversationalBallGames

AfterIwasmarriedandhadlivedinJapanforawhile,myJapanesegraduallyimprovedandIcouldtakepartinsimpleconversationswithmyhusbandandhisfriendsandfamily.Ibegantonoticethatoften,whenIjoinedin,theotherswouldlooksurprised,andtheconversationaltopicwouldcometoahalt.Afterthishappenedseveraltimes,itbecamecleartomethatIwasdoingsomethingwrong.Butforalongtime,Ididn’tknowwhatitwas.

Finally,afterlisteningcarefullytomanyJapaneseconversations,Idiscoveredwhatmyproblemwas.EventhoughIwasspeakingJapanese,IwashandingtheconversationinaWesternway.

Japanese-styleconversationsdevelopquitedifferentlyfromWestern-styleconversation.Andthedifferenceisn’tonlyinthelanguages.IrealizedthatjustasIkepttryingtoholdWestern-styleconversationsevenwhenIwasspeakingJapanese,somyEnglishstudentskepttryingtodoholdJapanese-styleconversationsevenwhentheywerespeakingEnglish.Wewereunconsciouslyplayingentirelydifferentconversationalballgames.

AWestern-styleconversationbetweentwopeopleislikeagameoftennis.IfIintroduceatopic,aconversationalball,Iexpectyoutohititback,ifyouagreewithme,Idon’texpectyousimplytoagreeanddonotingmore.Iexpectyoutoaddsomethi