外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统文档格式.docx
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IntelligentBuildings'
concepts;
itspurposeistocontrol,monitorandoptimisebuildingservices,eg.,lighting;
heating;
security,CCTVandalarmsystems;
accesscontrol;
audio-visualandentertainmentsystems;
ventilation,filtrationandclimatecontrol,etc.;
eventime&
attendancecontrolandreporting(notablystaffmovementandavailability).Thepotentialwithintheseconceptsandthesurroundingtechnologyisvast,andourlivesarechangingfromtheeffectsofIntelligentBuildingsdevelopmentsonourlivingandworkingenvironments.Theimpactonfacilitiesplanningandfacilitiesmanagementisalsopotentiallyimmense.AnyfacilitiesmanagersconsideringpremisesdevelopmentorsiterelocationshouldalsoconsidertheopportunitiespresentedbyIntelligentBuildingstechnologiesandconcepts.ThisfreesummaryarticleiscontributedbyGaryMills,aleadingUK-basedexpertinthefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,andBuildingManagementSystems.TheoriginsofIntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemshaverootsintheindustrialsectorinthe1970'
s,fromthesystemsandcontrolsusedtoautomateproductionprocessesandtooptimiseplantperformances.Theconceptsandapplicationswerethenadapted,developedandmodularisedduringthe1980'
s,enablingtransferabilityofthetechnologyandsystemstotheresidentialandcommercialsectors.
Intelligentbuildings-controltheory
TheessenceofBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsisinthecontroltechnologies,whichallowintegration,automation,andoptimisationofalltheservicesandequipmentthatprovideservicesandmanagestheenvironmentofthebuildingconcerned.
ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC'
s)formedtheoriginalbasisofthecontroltechnologies.
Laterdevelopments,incommercialandresidentialapplications,werebasedon'
distributed-intelligencemicroprocessors'
.
Theuseofthesetechnologiesallowstheoptimisationofvarioussiteandbuildingservices,oftenyieldingsignificantcostreductionsandlargeenergysavings.Therearenumerousmethodsbywhichbuildingserviceswithinbuildingscanbecontrolled,fallingbroadlyintotwomethodtypes:
∙Timebased-providingheatingorlightingservices,etc.,onlywhenrequired,and
∙OptimiserParameterbased-oftenutilisingarepresentativeaspectoftheservice,suchastemperatureforspaceheatingorilluminanceforlighting.
Heating-time-basedcontrol
Time-basedcontrolscanbeusedtoturnonandofftheheatingsystem(and/orwaterheating)atpre-selectedperiods(oftheday,oftheweek,etc).OptimiserParameters:
whatevertheconditions,thecontrolsmakesurethebuildingreachesthedesiredtemperaturewhenoccupancystarts.
Heating-optimiserparameter-based(temperature)controlexamples
∙Temperaturecontrol:
protectionagainstfreezingorfrostprotectiongenerallyinvolvesrunningheatingsystempumpsandboilerswhenexternaltemperaturereachesasetlevel(0°
C).
∙Compensatedsystems:
willcontrolflowtemperatureintheheatingcircuitrelativetoexternaltemperature.Thiswillgiveariseinthecircuitflowtemperaturewhenoutsidetemperaturedrops.
∙Thermostaticradiatorvalves:
thesesensespacetemperatureinaroomandthrottletheflowaccordinglythroughtheradiatororconvectortowhichtheyarefitted.
∙Proportionalcontrol:
involvesswitchingequipmentonandoffautomaticallytoregulateoutput.
∙Othermethodscanincludethermostats,occupancysensingPIR'
s(passiveinfra-redsensors),andmanualusercontrol.
Lightingcontrolmethods
Differentcontrolsystemsexist,againtime-basedcontrolandoptimiserparameter-basedwherealevelofilluminanceorparticularuseoflightingisrequired.
∙Zones:
lightsareswitchedoncorrespondingtotheuseandlayoutofthelitareas,inordertoavoidlightingalargeareaifonlyasmallpartofitneedslight.
∙Timecontrol:
toswitchonandoffautomaticallyineachzonetoapresetscheduleforlightuse.
∙PassiveInfra-Red(PIR)Occupancysensing:
Inareaswhichareoccupiedintermittently,occupancysensorscanbeusedtoindicatewhetherornotanybodyispresentandswitchthelightonoroffaccordingly.
∙Lightlevelmonitoring:
thisconsistsofswitchingordimmingartificiallightingtomaintainalightlevelmeasuredbyaphotocell.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-energysavings
Untilrecentyears,energyefficiencyhasbeenarelativelylowpriorityandlowperceivedopportunitytobuildingownersandinvestors.However,withthedramaticincreaseandawarenessofenergyuseconcerns,andtheadvancesincost-effectivetechnologies,energyefficiencyisfastbecomingpartofrealestatemanagement,facilitiesmanagementandoperationsstrategy.Theconceptsarealsonowmakingsignificantinroadsintothedomesticresidentialhousebuildingsectors.
Forlighting,energysavingscanbeupto75%oftheoriginalcircuitload,whichrepresents5%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionoftheresidentialandcommercialsectors.
Energysavingspotentialfromwaterheating,cooling,orhotwaterproduction,canbeupto10%,whichrepresentsupto7%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedomesticresidentialandcommercialsectors.
ExperiencesfromstudiesinAustriasuggestpotentialheatingandcoolingenergysavingsareupto30%inpublicbuildings.Evenallowingforthefactthatbuildingsusedinthestudymayhavebeenthosewithparticularlyhighenergyusage,thefigureisanimpressiveone.(Source:
EU2AnalysisandMarketSurveyforEuropeanBuildingTechnologiesinCentral&
EasternEuropeanCountries-GOPA)
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-environmentalandgreenhousegasbenefits
Greenhousegasemissionreductionsdependonandcorrelatetoreductionsinenergyuse.
IntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemstechnologiescontributedirectlytothereductioninenergyuse,incommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticresidentialsectors.
Inshort,IntelligentBuildingsandsuitablyappliedBuildingManagementSystemsaregoodfortheenvironment.
Legislationandenvironmentalstandards;
healthandsafetyregulations;
andglobaltrendstowardsimprovingindoorairqualitystandardsareallsignificantdriversof-andprovideacontinuousendorsementoftheneedfor-BuildingManagementSystemsandtheIntelligentBuildingstechnologies.
GovernmentInitiativesaroundtheworldarealsodrivingthedevelopmentandadoptionofBuildingManagementSystemstechnologies.ForexampletheUKCarbonTrustallowsEnhancedCapitalAllowance(ECA)tobeoffsetagainsttaxationonenergyefficientsystems,whichenablessavingsofaround30%forallenergy-relatedBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsequipment,andtheassociatedinstallationanddesigncosts.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-markettrends
Carefulinterpretationisrequired.IntheUK,adoptionofcontrolstechnologiesintothenewbuildandmajorrefurbishmentsectorsisrelativelyhigh:
EstimatesafewyearsagooftheUKmarketforBuildingManagementControlSystemsfornewbuildandmajorrefurbishment,allsectors,suggestmarketadoptionof(asat1994-SourceUK1AnAppraisalofUKEnergyRTD,ETSU-1994):
∙Heatingcontrols70%.
∙Hotwatersystemcontrols90%.
∙Airconditioningcontrols80%.
HoweveraccordingtoEuropeanCommissionasmanyas90%ofallexistingbuildingshaveinapplicableorineffectivecontrols,manyofwhichrequirecompleterefurbishmentofcontrolsystems.
MoreoverconventionalcontrolsystemsstopshortofautomatedIntelligentBuildingsfullcapabilities.Asignificanthumanelementisrequiredforoptimaleffectiveoperationevenifcontrolsystemscorrectlyspecifiedandinstalled.
Giventypicalinstallationsandequipmentthereisoftenadifficultyforbuildingoccupants(residential)ormanagers(commercial)tooperatethemcorrectly.Usageandcorrectoperationarevitalforeffectiveresults.
Educationofusers;
improvedsystems-designuser-friendliness,andtheprovisionofrelevantinstructionsandinformationareallcriticaltoenabletheorytotranslateintopractice,andforpotentialeffectivenessandsavingstoberealised.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-practicalbenefits
Energy-effectivesystemsbalanceabuilding'
selectriclight,daylightandmechanicalsystemsformaximumbenefit.
Enhancedlightingdesignismorethananelectricallayout.Itmustconsidertheneedsandschedulesofoccupants,seasonalandclimaticdaylightchanges,anditsimpactonthebuilding'
smechanicalsystems.
Lightingsystems
Addingdaylighttoabuildingisonewaytoachieveanenergy-effectivedesign.Naturaldaylight'
harvesting'
canmakepeoplehappier,healthier,andmoreproductive.Andwiththereducedneedforelectriclight,agreatdealofmoneycanbesavedonenergy.Nearlyeverycommercialbuildingisapotentialenergysavingproject,wheretheelectriclightingsystemscanbedesignedtobedimmedwiththeavailabilityofdaylight.Upto75%oflightingenergyconsumptioncanbesaved.Inaddition,byreducingelectriclightingandminimizingsolarheatgain,controlledlightingcanalsoreduceabuilding'
sairconditioningload.
Mechanicalsystems