外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统文档格式.docx

外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统文档格式.docx

《外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统文档格式.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

IntelligentBuildings'

concepts;

itspurposeistocontrol,monitorandoptimisebuildingservices,eg.,lighting;

heating;

security,CCTVandalarmsystems;

accesscontrol;

audio-visualandentertainmentsystems;

ventilation,filtrationandclimatecontrol,etc.;

eventime&

attendancecontrolandreporting（notablystaffmovementandavailability）.Thepotentialwithintheseconceptsandthesurroundingtechnologyisvast,andourlivesarechangingfromtheeffectsofIntelligentBuildingsdevelopmentsonourlivingandworkingenvironments.Theimpactonfacilitiesplanningandfacilitiesmanagementisalsopotentiallyimmense.AnyfacilitiesmanagersconsideringpremisesdevelopmentorsiterelocationshouldalsoconsidertheopportunitiespresentedbyIntelligentBuildingstechnologiesandconcepts.ThisfreesummaryarticleiscontributedbyGaryMills,aleadingUK-basedexpertinthefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,andBuildingManagementSystems.TheoriginsofIntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemshaverootsintheindustrialsectorinthe1970'

s,fromthesystemsandcontrolsusedtoautomateproductionprocessesandtooptimiseplantperformances.Theconceptsandapplicationswerethenadapted,developedandmodularisedduringthe1980'

s,enablingtransferabilityofthetechnologyandsystemstotheresidentialandcommercialsectors.

Intelligentbuildings-controltheory

TheessenceofBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsisinthecontroltechnologies,whichallowintegration,automation,andoptimisationofalltheservicesandequipmentthatprovideservicesandmanagestheenvironmentofthebuildingconcerned.

ProgrammableLogicControllers（PLC'

s）formedtheoriginalbasisofthecontroltechnologies.

Laterdevelopments,incommercialandresidentialapplications,werebasedon'

distributed-intelligencemicroprocessors'

.

Theuseofthesetechnologiesallowstheoptimisationofvarioussiteandbuildingservices,oftenyieldingsignificantcostreductionsandlargeenergysavings.Therearenumerousmethodsbywhichbuildingserviceswithinbuildingscanbecontrolled,fallingbroadlyintotwomethodtypes:

∙Timebased-providingheatingorlightingservices,etc.,onlywhenrequired,and

∙OptimiserParameterbased-oftenutilisingarepresentativeaspectoftheservice,suchastemperatureforspaceheatingorilluminanceforlighting.

Heating-time-basedcontrol

Time-basedcontrolscanbeusedtoturnonandofftheheatingsystem（and/orwaterheating）atpre-selectedperiods（oftheday,oftheweek,etc）.OptimiserParameters:

whatevertheconditions,thecontrolsmakesurethebuildingreachesthedesiredtemperaturewhenoccupancystarts.

Heating-optimiserparameter-based（temperature）controlexamples

∙Temperaturecontrol:

protectionagainstfreezingorfrostprotectiongenerallyinvolvesrunningheatingsystempumpsandboilerswhenexternaltemperaturereachesasetlevel（0°

C）.

∙Compensatedsystems:

willcontrolflowtemperatureintheheatingcircuitrelativetoexternaltemperature.Thiswillgiveariseinthecircuitflowtemperaturewhenoutsidetemperaturedrops.

∙Thermostaticradiatorvalves:

thesesensespacetemperatureinaroomandthrottletheflowaccordinglythroughtheradiatororconvectortowhichtheyarefitted.

∙Proportionalcontrol:

involvesswitchingequipmentonandoffautomaticallytoregulateoutput.

∙Othermethodscanincludethermostats,occupancysensingPIR'

s（passiveinfra-redsensors）,andmanualusercontrol.

Lightingcontrolmethods

Differentcontrolsystemsexist,againtime-basedcontrolandoptimiserparameter-basedwherealevelofilluminanceorparticularuseoflightingisrequired.

∙Zones:

lightsareswitchedoncorrespondingtotheuseandlayoutofthelitareas,inordertoavoidlightingalargeareaifonlyasmallpartofitneedslight.

∙Timecontrol:

toswitchonandoffautomaticallyineachzonetoapresetscheduleforlightuse.

∙PassiveInfra-Red（PIR）Occupancysensing:

Inareaswhichareoccupiedintermittently,occupancysensorscanbeusedtoindicatewhetherornotanybodyispresentandswitchthelightonoroffaccordingly.

∙Lightlevelmonitoring:

thisconsistsofswitchingordimmingartificiallightingtomaintainalightlevelmeasuredbyaphotocell.

Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-energysavings

Untilrecentyears,energyefficiencyhasbeenarelativelylowpriorityandlowperceivedopportunitytobuildingownersandinvestors.However,withthedramaticincreaseandawarenessofenergyuseconcerns,andtheadvancesincost-effectivetechnologies,energyefficiencyisfastbecomingpartofrealestatemanagement,facilitiesmanagementandoperationsstrategy.Theconceptsarealsonowmakingsignificantinroadsintothedomesticresidentialhousebuildingsectors.

Forlighting,energysavingscanbeupto75%oftheoriginalcircuitload,whichrepresents5%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionoftheresidentialandcommercialsectors.

Energysavingspotentialfromwaterheating,cooling,orhotwaterproduction,canbeupto10%,whichrepresentsupto7%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedomesticresidentialandcommercialsectors.

ExperiencesfromstudiesinAustriasuggestpotentialheatingandcoolingenergysavingsareupto30%inpublicbuildings.Evenallowingforthefactthatbuildingsusedinthestudymayhavebeenthosewithparticularlyhighenergyusage,thefigureisanimpressiveone.（Source:

EU2AnalysisandMarketSurveyforEuropeanBuildingTechnologiesinCentral&

EasternEuropeanCountries-GOPA）

Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-environmentalandgreenhousegasbenefits

Greenhousegasemissionreductionsdependonandcorrelatetoreductionsinenergyuse.

IntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemstechnologiescontributedirectlytothereductioninenergyuse,incommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticresidentialsectors.

Inshort,IntelligentBuildingsandsuitablyappliedBuildingManagementSystemsaregoodfortheenvironment.

Legislationandenvironmentalstandards;

healthandsafetyregulations;

andglobaltrendstowardsimprovingindoorairqualitystandardsareallsignificantdriversof-andprovideacontinuousendorsementoftheneedfor-BuildingManagementSystemsandtheIntelligentBuildingstechnologies.

GovernmentInitiativesaroundtheworldarealsodrivingthedevelopmentandadoptionofBuildingManagementSystemstechnologies.ForexampletheUKCarbonTrustallowsEnhancedCapitalAllowance（ECA）tobeoffsetagainsttaxationonenergyefficientsystems,whichenablessavingsofaround30%forallenergy-relatedBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsequipment,andtheassociatedinstallationanddesigncosts.

Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-markettrends

Carefulinterpretationisrequired.IntheUK,adoptionofcontrolstechnologiesintothenewbuildandmajorrefurbishmentsectorsisrelativelyhigh:

EstimatesafewyearsagooftheUKmarketforBuildingManagementControlSystemsfornewbuildandmajorrefurbishment,allsectors,suggestmarketadoptionof（asat1994-SourceUK1AnAppraisalofUKEnergyRTD,ETSU-1994）:

∙Heatingcontrols70%.

∙Hotwatersystemcontrols90%.

∙Airconditioningcontrols80%.

HoweveraccordingtoEuropeanCommissionasmanyas90%ofallexistingbuildingshaveinapplicableorineffectivecontrols,manyofwhichrequirecompleterefurbishmentofcontrolsystems.

MoreoverconventionalcontrolsystemsstopshortofautomatedIntelligentBuildingsfullcapabilities.Asignificanthumanelementisrequiredforoptimaleffectiveoperationevenifcontrolsystemscorrectlyspecifiedandinstalled.

Giventypicalinstallationsandequipmentthereisoftenadifficultyforbuildingoccupants（residential）ormanagers（commercial）tooperatethemcorrectly.Usageandcorrectoperationarevitalforeffectiveresults.

Educationofusers;

improvedsystems-designuser-friendliness,andtheprovisionofrelevantinstructionsandinformationareallcriticaltoenabletheorytotranslateintopractice,andforpotentialeffectivenessandsavingstoberealised.

Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-practicalbenefits

Energy-effectivesystemsbalanceabuilding'

selectriclight,daylightandmechanicalsystemsformaximumbenefit.

Enhancedlightingdesignismorethananelectricallayout.Itmustconsidertheneedsandschedulesofoccupants,seasonalandclimaticdaylightchanges,anditsimpactonthebuilding'

smechanicalsystems.

Lightingsystems

Addingdaylighttoabuildingisonewaytoachieveanenergy-effectivedesign.Naturaldaylight'

harvesting'

canmakepeoplehappier,healthier,andmoreproductive.Andwiththereducedneedforelectriclight,agreatdealofmoneycanbesavedonenergy.Nearlyeverycommercialbuildingisapotentialenergysavingproject,wheretheelectriclightingsystemscanbedesignedtobedimmedwiththeavailabilityofdaylight.Upto75%oflightingenergyconsumptioncanbesaved.Inaddition,byreducingelectriclightingandminimizingsolarheatgain,controlledlightingcanalsoreduceabuilding'

sairconditioningload.

Mechanicalsystems