中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英文版英语专业毕业论文Word格式.docx

中西方餐桌礼仪的差异英文版英语专业毕业论文Word格式.docx

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不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化，而不同国家的社会生活方式则形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。

饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成部分。

作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。

因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，避免由不合适的行为或方式所形成的误解。

本文第一部分分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。

第二部分为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐氛围四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。

第三部分从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的原因。

以此三个部分展现餐桌礼仪在中西方文化交流中的重要性。

关键词：

餐桌礼仪；

差异；

原因

Abstract

Differentcountriesandnationshavedifferentculturesasaresultofregionaldifferences.Thesociallifestyleofdifferentcountriesformdifferentdietcultureandtablemanner,whichisanimportantpartofnonlanguageculture.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,itisnecessarytolearnthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternfoodcultureandtablemanners.Becauseitcannotonlyincreasethecomprehensionofthelanguageculture,butalsohelptoimprovethesuccessrateofinterculturalcommunication,soastoavoidthemisunderstandingcausedbyimproperbehaviorormanner.ThefirstpartofthispapergivesabriefsummaryofChineseandwesterntablemanners.Thesecondpartisthecoreofthispaper,describingaccuratelythedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemannerfromfouraspectsthataretableware,seatarrangement,servingorderanddiningatmosphere.ThethirdpartintroducesthereasonsthatthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterntablemannerfromthegeographicalfactors,values,andtraditionalcustoms.ThepurposeofthispapershowsthattablemannerplaysanimportantroleintheprocessofculturalcommunicationbetweenChineseandwesternculture.

Keywords:

Tablemanner;

differences;

Reasons;

Contents

1Introduction

Tablemannerreferstothecommonpoliteeatingstandardinhumansociety.Onthecontrary,somebehaviorswheneatingareregardedasrudeanddestroyingother’sappetite.Inaccordancewithdifferentcultureofdifferentcountries,therearedifferenttablemanners.

Accordingtotheliterature,ChinChinesedailylife.Whereas,tablemannerhashighstatue.WhileeatingwithtraditionalChinesefamily,wehavetorespecttheirtraditionalcultureandcustom.TablemanneroccupiesaimportantplaceinthemodernChineselifeorder.Theythinkthateatingisnotjusttomeetthebasicphysicalneed,butalsoessentialsocialexperience.ThereforeitisparticularlyimportanttomastersomeceremonialknowledgeaboutChinesetablemanner,esetablemannerhasformedaquitecompletesystemsinceZhouDynasty.ThistraditionalbanquetarestillremaininginmostpartsofChina.Asthesayinggoes,foodistheparamountnecessityofthepeople.Inthiswaycanweseethateatingdietplaysasignificantroleinwhetheryouareahostoraguest.

WesterntablemanneroriginatedinMerovingianDynasty,FranceaffectedbytheByzantineculture.AttheRomanEmpireTime,tablemannerbecamemorecomplexandautocratic.Theemperor,sittinginthetallestchairs,mustreceivethedishestakenbytheministerswhenmusicwassounded.Beforetheseventeenthcentury,eatingwithhatwasthetraditionalcustom.Intheimperialera,differentnationshavedifferenteatinghabitsastablemannerismorecumbersomeandharsh.WhentheRomansatelunch,theyusuallyliedonthechairs.Beforeeating,Britishputtheirhandsontheleg,whileFrenchputtheirhandsonthetable.Europeantablemannerisdevelopedonthebasisofknightsspirit.Inthetwelfthcentury,theItalianculturespreadtoFrancesothattablemannerbecameelegantandrefined.Today,therehasformedacompletesetoftablemanners.

2TheDifferentTableMannersBetweenChinaandWest

2.1DifferenceinDinnerware

Chopsticks,whichhavealonghistoryof3000years,arethetypicalChinesetablewareconsistentwiththetraditional"

harmony"

thought.Therearethreenotesthatwemustpayattentiontoabouttheuseofchopsticks:

first,placechopsticksneatlyontherightsideofthebowlbeforeeating.Second,donotusechopstickstomakeasound,lickchopsticks,orpointatanyonewithchopsticks.Takingparticularnotice,donotinsertthechopsticksinriceorpasta,becauseitisverysimilartotheancientritualcandlesandsymbolizesinfelicity.Chopsticksarenecessary,asarespoons,plates,cups,napkins,toothpicks.Thespoonisusedforsouporothersmallmorselsoffood.Propersoupisatthree-quarterofthebowl.Remembernottoputsouptoofulltosmearthetableclothorclothing.Ingeneral,thebigplatesareforavarietyofdishes,smallplatesforthefooddishtoholdtheincomingfoodfromthepublicplates.Toomanythingsarenotproperinthetablecoversoastoavoidoiltospill,andputthornsonthefrontendoftheplate.Napkinsareoftenusedinsomelargehotels.Beforedinner,thewaiterswillprepareahotwettowelfortheguests.AsmallhandlelesswinecupcupisusuallyontheleftofthedishfortheChinesealcohol.

WesterndinnerwarearemainlytheknifeandforkwhichwerewidelyusedbyFranceintheEuropeancontinentinthe18thcentury.Westernersusingknifeandforkisconsistedwiththeircultureaboutnomadismandmaritime,whichshowsvividlythattheyarecompetitiveandadventurous.Beforeeating,knifeandforkareplacedinaccordancewiththerule:

leftforkandrightknifebothsidesoftheplaterespectively,withthebladetookinward.Wheneating,righthandtaketheknifetocutfoodwithoutbladeoutward,whilelefthandusetheforktoeatfood.Ifnottoeattemporarily,oneshouldplaceknifeandforkin"

eight"

shapewiththebladetowardoneself.Whenthemealisfinished,theforkshouldberaisedonthebackandthebladeisfoldedinwardwiththefork.Besidesknifeandfork,spoons,napkin,glassarealsoessentialforWesterndinner.Spoonsaredividedintotwotypes:

soupspoonsandsweetspoons.Alargespoonisnexttotheknife,whilesmalldessertspoonareplacedonthetopofthedessertdish.Whendrinkingsoup,oneshouldtakethespoonwiththerighthand.Afterdrinking,oneshouldplaceitintheoppositesideoftheplate.Thenapkinisusuallypreparedontheplatebeforethemeal.Thewineglassesareplacedwiththeorder:

liqueurglass,redwineglasses,champagneglasses,beermugs.Andthetypeofwineisthesameasthetypeofwine.Thewineglassisusuallyontherightsideoftheknife.

2.2DifferencesinServingOrder

InChinesebanquet,appetizers,thefirstdish,aresometimemadeoffourkindsofcoldplatet.Representativeappetizersarethebeancuredmixedwithhoppedgreenonion,coldcutsox-tripandsoon.Afterthecoldplate,fourhotplatesarefollowedthatusuallyarefriedshrimp,friedporkandsoon.Hotplatescanbenotservedifguestsdonotwant.Therearetwopointswhenservinghotplate.First,thewaiteroughttoservefromtheleftoftheoppositeseatofthemostimportantguest.Second,waitercouldnotputtheheadsoftheanimalsforexamplechickentopointatthechiefseatbecauseitisareallyunluckybehavior.Thefollowingarethemaincourse,alsoknownaslargedishes,willbetakenonthetable.Ifthemenuismarked"

eightpieces"

itsaysthatthereareatotalofeightmaincourse.Thenumberofcoursesinthemaincourseisusuallyfour,six,eightandothereven,sincetheChinesepeoplethinkthatevenisthethesymbleofgoodluck.Intheluxuriousbanquet,thenumbersofmaincourseevencanbeuptotenkindsofspecies.Thesedishesaremadeofdifferentmaterials,addedacid,sweet,bitter,spicy,saltyflavors,withfried,steamed,boiled,fried,roasted,friedandothercookingmethods.Mostoftheorderofthedishesarematchedinteractively,forexample,combininglighttastewithoilyandgreattaste.Soupistheend.Desserts,suchassmallsteamedbreadfilledwithbeanpaste,almondsandsoon,areprovidedafterthemaincourse.Lastarethefruits,whicharegoodfordigesting.

Inwesternbanquet,theappetizerisalsothefirstdishwhichisspecialty.Asforthefirstdish,itusuallymatchwithaperitif.Itiswesterners’favoritesnackwithacidandcrisptaste.Theseconddish,extremelydifferentfromChina,issoupwhichisclassifiedgenerallyintofivecategories:

vegetablesoup,coldsoup,creamsoup,pureedsoup,andclearsoup.Nextissidedish,alsocalledfishdish,includingavarietyofseafoodsuchasshellfishandmollusksfortheseafoodisfullofnutritionandgoodforlungandeye.Thefourthdishismaincourse,whichalsoknownaspoultryormeatdish.Delicioussteakorlambisthemostcommonmaincourse.Aftergreasymeatdish,itisrighttimeforsalad,refreshingvegetabledish,suchastomato,broccoli,onionandsoon.Thefollowingdisharedessertswhichhavemanydifferentkinds.Theycanbechocolatecookie,croissant,moussecake,macaronis.Coffeeisthefinaldrinking,whichcanbeaddedmilkandsugaraccordingtoyourowntaste.Italsohasdifferentkindssuchasbluemountaincoffee,latte,mochaandsoon.

2.3DifferencesinSeatArrangement

IntheChinesetablemanner,atthebeginning,letguestsattendtheseats,thenpleasetheelderlysitnexttotheguests.Oneshouldseatfromtheleftsideofthechair.Whensittingonthechair,oneshouldnotmovethechopsticks,ormakenoise,letalonewalkscasually.Hostinvitesgueststohaveseatsandshouldnotletguestssitclosetotheplacewheredishesareserved.Ifyouarethemaster,youshouldpointatachairandsaytotheguestwithagentletone:

"

pleasesithere."

Therearethreefundamentalwayforsittingarrangement:

first,takingtheseatthatmastersitsasasign,theguestsonhisrightishonor,comparativelyspeaking,theleftisoflowerposition.Second,firsthostshouldsittowardsthemaindoorsothatshowsthedistinguishedidentification,thenthegues