南航美国文学史概述与作品选读总结Word下载.docx

南航美国文学史概述与作品选读总结Word下载.docx

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①ToHelen

②TheRaven

③TheFalloftheHouseofUsher

④TheBlackCat

8.RalphWaldoEmerson（leadingNewEnglandtranscendentalist）

①Nature

②Self-Reliance

③TheAmericanScholar

9.HenryDavidThoreau（anactivetranscendentalist）

①Walden

10.NathanielHawthorne（amasterofsymbolism;

firstgreatAmericanwriteroffictiontoworkinmoralistictradition.combinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism;

createdanewgenrepsychologicalromance）

①TheScarletLetter

②TwiceToldTales

③TheMarbleFaun

④BlithedaleRomance

⑤TheMinister’sBlackVeil

11.HermanMelville

①MobyDick

12.HenryWadsworthLongfellow（thefiresidepoet;

loveofnature,loveforthepast）

①APsalmofLife

②TheSlave’sDream

③MyLostYouth

④TheSongofHiawatha

13.WaltWhitman

①LeavesofGrass（firstgenuineepicpoem）

②SongofMyself

③ISitandLookOut

④Beat！

Beat！

Drums！

14.EmilyDickinson（thethemeofherpoetryconcernreligion,life,death,marriage,immorality,natureetc.）

①ITasteaLiquorNeverBrewed

②IFeltaFuneral,inMyBrain

③ABirdCameDowntheWalk

④IDiedforBeauty___butWasScarce

⑤IHearaFlyBuzz___WhenIDied

⑥BecauseICouldnotStopforDeath

WashingtonIrving

BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄（1822）

TheLegendofSleepyHollow

TalesofaTraveller旅客谈（1824）

ChristopherColumbus（1828）

c.writingcharacteristics

（1）humorous:

thefunctionofhiswritingistoamuse,toentertaininsteadofteachingorinstruction

（2）vividandtruecharacterportrayal

（3）finished（refined）andmusicallanguage,thusregardedas“theAmn.Goldsmith”

d.analysisonTheLegendofSleepyHollow（选自thesketchbook见闻札记）

1.thestory:

setting,character,plot

2.theme:

conflictsandpraise

conflictbetw.IchabodandBrom

conflictbetw.thevillageandtheoutsideworld

JamesFenimoreCooper

TheSpy（1821）:

ahistoricalnovel

ThePilot（1824）:

aseanovel

LeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集（1823-1841）:

frontiernovels

TheLastMohicans（1826）（ColonialWarbetw.BritainandFrance）

e.writingfeatures:

strongpoints:

wecanseeavarietyofincidentsandtensions,complicatedplotandstructureandabeautifuldescriptionofnature.

Weakpoints:

characterizationisweak.Thereisunsatisfactorydescriptionofcharacters（esp.female）.Heisnotfreefromsyntacticalawkwardness,heavy-handedattemptathumor.“WhereIrvingexcelsCooperisweak.”Dialectisnotauthentic.

EdgarAllanPoe

TheFalloftheHouseUsher

Feature:

i.brevity（15pages）

ii.Singleeffect

iii.originalityintheme

ToHelen

ItwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmateofPoeinRichmond,Virginia.

Thepoemisfamousforanumberofthings:

1.itsrhymescheme:

ababb

2.itsvariedlinelengths

3.itsmetaphorofatravelonthesea

4.itsoft-quotedlines:

"

TotheglorythatwasGreece,/AndthegrandeurthatwasRome."

theme:

praisetheidealloveandbeautyandancientGreekandRomancivilizations

TheRaven乌鸦

thelamentoverthedeathofabeautifulwoman

tone:

melancholy

Transcendentalism（essayists,poets,novelists）

Theirjournalis“TheDial”.

Definition:

Transcendentalismisidealism.（Emerson）

b.features

（1）stressonOversoul,thatisspirit.

（2）stresstheimportanceofindividual.

（3）freshconceptionofnature.

c.significance

（1）inspiredawholegenerationofwriterssuchasWhitman,MelvilleandDickinson.

（2）dressesman’ssubjectiveinitiativeasopposedtomaterialism.

（3）liberatedpeoplefromCalvin’soriginalsin

d.limitation

（1）shallow:

cutofffromreallifeorreality;

initiatedbytherich,theywerelimitedinacertaincircle.So,insomedegree,theyhavebeencutofffromsociallifeandcan’tunderstandthesufferingsofthecommonpeople.

（2）inwardcontradiction:

gainknowledgebyintuition,showsitsidealisticaspect.

R.W.Emerson（RalphWaldo）

Nature（1836）:

theBibleofNewEnglandtranscendentalism

TheAmericanScholar（1837）:

America'

sDeclarationofIntellectual

TheDivinitySchoolAddress神学院致辞（1838）

Essays（1841/1847）

RepresentativeMen（1850）

EnglishTraits（1856）

Poems（1847）

d.significance

（1）Heembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.

（2）hisstressonindividualism

Limitation:

self-centered,individual

HisideasinfluencealotofwriterssuchasDikinson,HawthorneandWhitman.

HenryDavidThoreau

AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers

康考德和梅里马克河上的一周（1849）

Walden,orLifeintheWoods（1854）

CivilDisobedience不服从论（1849,anaddress）

c.Walden

mainideas:

（1）onself-cultivationandhumanperfectibility,elevatedfromPuritanoriginalsin,believeininnervirtueandinwardlygrace

（2）criticismoncivilizationandcapitalism

（3）onlytruthandknowledgecan’tbetakenaway,trustinfutureandinman

Style:

pithy（colloquialsayings）,vividdescription,symbolsandimages

NathanielHawthorne

Twice-ToldTales（1837）:

acollectionofshortstories

MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔（1846）:

anothercollectionofshortstories

TheHouseoftheSevenGables七个尖角的阁楼（1851）:

ontheeffectofacurse

TheScarletLetter（1850）:

masterpiece

It’snotalovestory,tryingtoshowthemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofsinonhischaracters.

“A”:

Adultery-Able-Angel

“A”onchest:

sinner,confessed,died,showsanhonestman

Moral:

manshouldbetrueandhonestandreadytoshowone’sworsttotheworld（批评与自我批评）

HermanMelville

Typee（《泰比》1846）

Omoo（《奥穆》1847）

Mardi（《马尔迪》1847）

这三部作品描写塔希提群岛和马吉萨斯群岛以及他在岛上的奇遇。

Redburn（《莱德勃恩》1849）：

描写了他的第一次航海经验以及在利物浦港贫民窟的见闻。

WhiteJacket（《白外套》1850）：

根据他在美国海军军舰上服役时期的生活体验写成。

Pierre（《皮埃尔》1852）

IsraelPotter（《伊斯莱尔·

波特》1855）:

historicalnovel

PiazzaTales（《广场故事》1856）:

acollectionofshortstory

MobyDick（《白鲸》1851）:

（1）awhalingbook:

anencyclopediaofwhaling/descriptionofawhaler’slife

（2）atragedyaboutmanfightingagainstuniverse（hostile）Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.

Mancanobserveandevenmanipulateinaprudentway,buthecannotinfluenceandovercomenatureatitssource.

（3）alienation异化:

betweenmanandman

betweenmanandsociety（ship）

betweenmanandnature

Ahabisthebestrepresentative.

Tohimtheworldexistsforhissake.Hisselfhoodmustbeassertedattheexpenseofallelse:

livesmaybesacrificed,andnaturemayhavetobevanquishedinorderthathemaydowhathewills.

RichardChasesays:

theideaMelvilleconveysinitis"

death---spiritual,emotional,physical"

.

（5）theme:

quest

（6）symbolism

thevoyage:

ametaphorfor"

searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience"

thePequod皮阔德:

theshipoftheAmericansoul

theendeavorofthecrews:

themaniacalfanaticismofourwhitementalconsciousness"

MobyDick:

（manyinterpretations）thesymbolofnature

W.C.Bryant

theanalysisonToaWaterfowl致水鸟

Itisthe"

mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage"

.（MatthewArnold）

Itisapoemofnatureinquatrainsrhyminginabab.

fromabirdanditsflighttoanordinarypersonandhiscourseoflife,thispoemconveysthateverythinginnatureisunderthebeneficenceandprotectionofthePower.

HenryWadsworthLongfellow

Theme:

idealizedlove,children,familyandfriendship

APsalmofLife

Thepoemisdividedinto9stanzas,eachcomposedoftwoiambictetrameterlinesandtwotrochaictrimeterlinesrhymingabab.

Thefirsttwostanzasrefutethepessimismthatlifeisbutadream,affirmingthecontrarythatlifeisreal.

Thefollowingstanzasurgethereadertoactinthepresentandtoleave"

footprints"

asgreatpeopledidinordertoinspirethefollowers.

Thelaststanzaendswitharesoundingnotewhileadmonishingpeopletolearntowaitaswellastolabor.

Realism（the19th-centuryliterarymovementthatreactedtoromanticismbyinsistingonafaithful,objectivepresentationofthedetailsofeverydaylife.）

features:

☐i.objectivedescription（concernforthecommonplace/thelow）

☐ii.criticismofsocietyandreality,exposingandcriticizingthesociety;

thewriters’dissatisfaction;

nolongereulogizehumanglority

☐iii.verisimilitude逼真性（truetodetails）

☐iv.influencedbybourgeois’中产阶级democraticideas（notoverthrowbutreform,changes）

☐v.reformative:

toreformthesociety,nottochangecompletely

☐features:

Naturalism（Apost-Darwinianmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythe"

laws"

ofscientificdeterminismtofiction.）isatheorywhichappliedscientificconceptsandmethodstosuchproblemsasplotdevelopmentandcharacterisation.

☐ComparisonbetweenRealismandNaturalism:

☐Realism.

☐i.objective

☐ii.creationoftypes

☐iii.influencedby