机械类毕业设计外文及其翻译文档格式.docx
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用机械手装配的发展水平
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机电工程学院
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０９级机械工程及自动化01班
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net/kns/brief/deｆaulｔ_resuｌｔ．aspｘ
Ｓtatｅ ｏfthｅartinroboticａssemｂly
Robｏticaｓsemｂｌｙｓｙstemｓoffergooｄ peｒｓpecｔiｖes fortherationaliｚａｔionｏf assｅmblyaｃtｉｖities.Ｖariｏuｓbottｌenecksaｒesｔｉllenｃountｅrｅd, ｈoweｖer,intｈewidｅｓpreadａpplicａtiｏｎ ｏfrｏboｔicａsｓembｌysystems．Ｔhis artiｃｌe fｏｃusesｏnｔhe externａl deｖelopmeｎtｓ,ｂｏttｌeneｃkｓ aｎdｄevｅlopmeｎｔ ｔeｎdｅｎcｉｅsｉnrobotiｃ ａssembly。
Eｘterｎaｌdevelopｍｅnｔs
Tｈecurreｎtｍarketｔｒendsare：
Ｉncｒeasinｇinteｒnatioｎalcompetitｉoｎ， shorterprodｕctlｉfeｃｙclｅ，inｃrｅasｉｎg ｐroｄｕctdiveｒsiｔｙ，ｄecreasingproductqｕａｎtitｙ，shorterdeｌiveｒytiｍes，higｈeｒdeliveryreliabiｌｉty， hｉｇｈerqｕalityreqｕirｅmｅntsａnｄｉnｃrｅasinglａbouｒcｏsｔs．Next tothｅｓｅｍarｋｅtｄevelｏpmｅnｔs,technolｏgｉcalｄeｖelopmentｓaｌsoplayarolｅ，oｆfｅrinｇ newｏpｐortunｉtｉｅs to optｉmiｚeprｉce, quａlityanddｅliverytｉｍｅｉntheir ｍｕtualreｌationshｉps.Ｔhｅ technｏlogicaldevelｏpmeｎｔｓ areａmoｎｇ otｈerthings：
iｎfoｒmatｉｏｎtｅchｎｏｌogy，newdesignsｔratｅgies,ｎｅｗprocesｓｉngtechｎｉques,ａnｄtｈeaｖailabiｌityｏf fｌeｘiblｅ ｐｒｏｄuctｉonsｙstems， suchａs ｉｎdustriａlrｏbｏts.Ｃompanieswillｈａvetｏ ａdjｕsｔtｈeｉｒｐolicyｔo thesｅ ｍａｒket ａndtecｈｎoｌogydeｖelopｍenｔs（ｍarkｅtpullandｔｅcｈｎｏlｏgypusｈ，respectiｖely）。
Ｔhｉspolicｙisdeｔeｒminｅｄbytｈｅcoｍｐanyｏbjｅｃtivｅｓandthecompany strateｇywｈｉｃh ｌieatitsbasis.Ｕnｄerthｅiｎfluｅnｃeoftheeｘternaｌdｅveloｐｍｅｎtsmentioned，thecomｐａｎyｏbjeｃｔｉvｅscan，ingeneral，bedividedinto：
ｈigｈｆｌｅｘibilｉｔy,ｈiｇhpｒｏｄuctivｉty,constaｎｔand hｉghpｒoduct qualitｙ，shoｒt throughputｔiｍes,ａndloｗproｄｕcｔionｃosts.Oｐtｉmizingthｅｓｅcompetitionfactorsnｏrmallyresultsｉnthe ｇenerａｔionofmoremｏnｅy， aｎdｔhus（greateｒ） ｐrofitｓ. Ｔorealｉzethisobjectiｖe，ｍostｃompaniesｃhooｓe the ｆoｌｌowing straｔｅgｉｅｓ：
reduction oｆｃoｍplｅxiｔy,ａｐpｌicatｉｏnoｆ advaｎced productｉonｔechnoｌoｇies, integrａlapproａｃｈ，quａliｔyｃoｎtrol, andimｐｒoveｍｅnt ofｔheworｋiｎｇｃonditions。
Ｆigure1shoｗｓ the cｏmpany policyiｎ ｒelation tｏｔheexteｒｎaldeｖelopmeｎｔｓto wｈiｃhthe companypolicｙsｈｏｕｌｄ beadjusteｄ。
Figｕｒe1．Exteｒnaldevelopmｅｎtｓ andcｏmpａnypolicy
Witｈreｇａrd tｏｔｈeprodｕctand productiｏnｄevelopmenｔ， ａ subdivisioncanbｅ madeintoｔhe folｌｏwiｎgｓｔrａtegiｅswhｉｃh ｉnvolvｅ［１]:
Theproｄuｃt:
designｆoｒmaｎufａcturiｎg/assemｂｌy， ａshｏrｔdｅveｌopmｅｎt tｉmｅ， a ｍｏrefｒequent devｅlopmｅntoｆ newproducｔs,fuｎctｉon iｎteｇrａtiｏn tominimizethe nｕｍbｅr ｏｆpａrtｓ，miniaturｉzationandstａndarｄizａｔｉon.
Theprｏcesｓ：
ｉmｐｒoveｄconｔｒollａbilitｙ,shｏrtｅｒcｙcle times andmｉnimal stocks.Thｅreｉｓatｒendincreaｓinｇly to cａrｒｙout ｐrｏcｅｓsesindiｓcretｅｐｒoductioninflowfｏrm.
Ｔheproｄuｃtionsysteｍ:
ｔheuｓｅofｕniｖersal，mｏdulａｒ,ａｎｄ rｅlｉable systemｃomponents，ｈighsysｔｅm flexibiｌｉｔｙ （ｉnrelatｉｏnto ｄｅcｒeasiｎgbａtchsｉzes, aｎdincreasingpｒoductvaｒiants）， ａｎｄｔheinteｇｒaｔｉｏnofproｄuｃt ｓystemｓintheｅntireproｄuction。
Ｓtａtｅofthe ａｒt
Ｐarｔsmanuｆaｃｔｕrｉｎganｄasｓembly ｔｏgｅtｈerfｏrmcｏheｒent sub—ｐｒocesｓeｓwｉthintｈｅprｏductionproｃeｓs. Inｐarｔsmanufａctuｒing， tｈｅｒawｍａterｉａlisｐroceｓsｅdor transfｏｒｍｅdintoproducｔpaｒtｓinthｅ ｃoｕrse oｆwhiｃh ｔheform,sｉｚeｓａnd／orpｒoperties ｏｆtheｍaｔerialarecｈanｇed。
Iｎassemblｙtｈepｒoducｔ partｓarepｕｔ tｏgetherｉnto sｕbａssemblies orｉnto fiｎalproduｃts.Fｉgurｅ2sｈowstherelａtｉonshipsbetweｅnthｅsefuncｔiｏｎal pｒｏｃessesandtｈemostiｍportant cｏntrolpｒoｃeｓseswｉtｈinaｎｉｎdustrial enｔeｒpriｓｅ。
Ｔhissｈowsthａｔ assemblybymeaｎｓ ｏfmaterｉalor pｒoducｔfloｗsislinkeｄtｏpａrtsmanｕｆacturｉng,aｎｄthatbｙｍｅanｓofｉｎｆormａtionｆlowｓ iｔｉsinｔegratｅdwiｔｈmａrkｅｔing，product pｌannｉnｇ，pｒoducｔ dｅvelopmeｎｔ，procｅｓs ｐlaｎnｉnganｄproductioｎconｔrｏｌ．
Figuｒe ２．Ａssembly aspaｒtoｆｔhｅ ｐroｄucｔｉonｐroｃess
Aｓsemblｙ fｏrmsanimpｏｒtaｎtｌiｎkｉnthｅｗhoｌｅmanuｆaｃturing proｃｅss, bｅｃaｕseｔhｉsoperaｔionalactiｖityｉsresponsibｌe foranimｐｏrtaｎｔpartｏｆthetｏtalpｒoｄｕctiｏncｏｓｔsａｎｄtheｔｈrｏugｈｐｕｔtｉme． Itisone oｆ tｈemｏｓtlabｏuｒ－inteｎsive sectorsin whichthe ｓhaｒeｏfthecosts oｆ theａssemblycaｎamｏuｎtfrｏm25 to75pｅr centofｔhetoｔalproｄucｔioncoｓts[1]．Ｒeｓｅarcｈ ｓｈoｗs ｔhatthｅｓｈａrｅoftｈelａｂoｕrcoｓtsintｈeassemｂly inrelaｔｉｏｎto thetｏｔal manuｆacｔｕrｉngcostsiｓappｒoximateｌy45pｅrｃenｔ ｆor ｌorryengineｓ，appｒoｘｉmatｅly 5５ ｐercｅｎtｆｏrmachiｎe tooｌｓ，andaｐproxｉmatｅｌy６5ｐercｅntfor elecｔricalappａraｔus［1]．Thｅcentreofthecostiｔemsｍoｖesｍｏreand morｅfroｍｔheｐartsmanufacturｉnｇ totｈｅassｅmｂly,ａsaｕtomaｔiｏnoｆｔhe pａrtsmanuｆactｕrｉng hasbｅeniｎｔroducedonaｌarｇerｓｃalｅaｎd ｍoreｃonｓisｔentｌyｔhａnｆｏrtｈeassembly. Tｈｉsisｍainlｙ duｅtｏ ｔhe cｏｍplexityof ｔheａssemblyprｏcｅssａｎdisalsｏaｒｅsult ofａssembly uｎfrｉendlyｐroｄuctdｅｓｉgns.Ａs ａrｅｓｕlｔ, thｅrｅare highassemｂlycosts. Furtｈerｍoｒｅ，ｉtappearsｔhａtassembｌyａccouｎｔs foｒapｐroximatｅly 20to５0pｅrcent ｏｆthe ｔotalthrouｇhput timｅ［1］.
Ｏn the oｎehand，rationaｌiｚationaｎdautoｍation ofｔｈeassembｌyofｆerｇood oppｏrtuｎｉtiesｔominimｉｚethepｒoducｔioncｏstｓand the thrｏuｇhputtime.Hｏｗeｖeｒ,sucｃess deｐeｎds ｏn nｕmeroｕｓ factors，ｓuch aｓａn ｉnteｇｒalｐercｅptionｏfassemblｙiｎ coｎｊuｎction ｗithmarketing， ｐｒｏduｃt plａnning，pｒoduｃt devｅｌopmｅnt, pｒoｃessｐｌanｎinｇ，ｐroｄuctionconｔrｏｌandｐartsｍａｎｕfacturing （sｅeFigure 2）． Fortｈisｐｕｒpoｓｅ, ａnassemblｙ-ｆriｅndlyｐroductaｎdpｒocessdesｉgn ａｒe ofｅｓseｎｔialｉmpｏｒtance。
Researchshowｓ thａtthｅｄesignｃｏstｓoｆaｐroduct amｏunt tｏoｎlyapｐroximａteｌy5percentoｆtheｍａｎufacturiｎgcｏstsoｎａverage,aｎｄ thaｔthepｒｏduｃtdｅsignｉnfｌuences aｐｐroximatｅly７0ｐerｃentof thesｅ cosｔs. Ｅｘamples arealｔeｒnａtiｖeｍateｒiａlchoiｃe,difｆerｅntly shapeｄparts，aｎd／or havingonｅpartｆulfilvaｒiousfunｃtions. Ontｈｅoｔhｅrhand，ｒatｉｏnａlｉzａｔｉｏnandaｕｔoｍationｏftｈeasｓemｂlｙpｒｏvidetheｏppｏrｔｕｎiｔy ｏｆtakingadvantageoｆeｘtｅrnａｌ devｅlｏpments，sｕchasincｒeasingproductｄｉversｉty， sｈｏrtｅrdｅｌivｅrytｉmes，anda sｈorｔerprｏｄuｃt lｉfｅcycle（sｅeFigure1）。
Eｘcepｔ foｒthecoｍplexｉtyoｆ tｈe prｏdｕcｔａnｄprｏcessｄｅsiｇn,thepeｒｆoｒmancｅ oｆｒｏｂotic asｓemblyｓystemｓｉsalｓｏdｅtｅrmined bytｈedｅgrｅeofsyncｈronizaｔioｎｂeｔwｅen tｈｅassｅｍblysysｔeｍandtｈepartｓmａｎufacturiｎg,ｔheflexibilｉtyofｔheeｎd－effｅｃｔorsandｏｆthe pｅrｉpheraｌ ｅquiｐmenｔ,aswｅlｌasbythesystｅmcoｎfiguration．InJaｐaｎ,most rｏbotic asseｍｂｌｙsysｔeｍｓhavea lｉnｅｃoｎｆｉgurａｔioｎin cｏntrastwitｈｔhesystems in ｔｈｅ USA anｄ Europe.Apaｒt fｒomEｕｒｏpeandtheＵSＡ， prefｅrencｅis increａsiｎｇly giｖentorobｏtiｃ assemｂｌysyｓtemsｉｎJapａｎ，insteadofｍanualaｎdｍechａｎiｚed syｓtｅｍs. Thelaｒgeｓt areaofａpｐlicａtion ofrｏboｔｉc ａsｓｅｍblysｙsｔemsin Ｊapａｎisｔheｅlectｒomeｃhanｉcalｉnｄustry（４0 pｅｒcent）,foｌlowed bytheｃariｎdusｔｒy （aｐｐroxiｍａtely 27per cｅnt）.
Increaｓingly，robotappliｃａtｉｏnsａreｅnvisaｇeｄfortheassemblｙoｆ cｏｍplｅｘｆｉnalpｒoducts，insevｅral ｖaｒiｅtｉｅｓandinlowtomedｉum－ｈighｐroductiｏｎvolｕmeｓ. Rｅsearch hａs shｏwｎｔｈat roboticassemｂｌy offerｓgｏｏdpersｐectiｖｅｓinｓmａlltｏｍｅdium—size ｂatch ｐrodｕｃtiｏnｗithaｎnualproｄuction volumｅｓbｅｔween１０0，00０aｎｄ６00,００0prｏductcompoｓiｔions perｓhiｆt.Thepｒoduｃtionvolumesforroｂoｔicasｓemblycellsliebetweｅnａpproｘimatｅly20０and620 ｐrodｕｃｔsｐerhouｒ, aｎｄ forrobotic assemblylinｅｓbeｔweｅn ａpproｘimatelｙ220and750prｏducｔsper hour［1]．
Bottleneｃks
Exｐeriｅncehasshownｔhatvarioｕsbottleneckｓ sｔilltｈｗart ｔｈewiｄｅspreaｄ ａpｐlｉcatiｏn ofｒoboｔiｃaｓseｍblｙsyｓtems。
Ｔheｓebｏｔｔlenｅｃｋsinclｕdｅ：
ａhigｈcompｌeｘitｙ ofｔｈe proｄｕｃt andｐrocesｓdｅsiｇn， aｌowquality ｌeｖeｌoftｈeｐｒｏduct ｐarｔｓ，aｓwｅllａsproductdeｐeｎdenceofthｅperiphｅraｌequipmｅnt。
Fｒom astｕdｙ ｉｎ Ｇｅrmaｎy ｉntotｈe ａutomationｏftheａssembｌypｒoceｓsiｎ 355 companiｅｓ,it apｐearｅｄthａｔ40ｐerceｎtoｆtｈeｃｏmpaniｅs hａdan ｕnsuitableproducｔdｅｓign，3０peｒｃenthadtoo cｏmplｅｘｐrｏｃessｉngoftｈeparts, ａnd25 per ｃenｔhad toocｏｍpleｘassembｌy operatiｏｎｓ［5］。
Ｔhisｓｔｕdｙｃonfirmｓ theｉmportancｅ ofｄeｓiｇnforassemｂly（DFA）．
Tｈｅｓｅcｏnｄarｅa inwhichｄifficultｉesｏcｃｕrconｃernｓthｅlｉmitｅdａｃcｕraｃｙofthe prodｕct partｓwhichmakｅｓthｅ aｓsemblｙ prｏcｅssuｎｎeｃｅｓsａrilycｏmplex.Thiｓproblem canｂesolveｄbyｏptｉmiziｎg theｍaｃhiningprocesｓesinｔheｐartsmａnｕfａcturing，anda proｐersyｎchronizationｂｅtweｅｎthｅｐarts mａnｕｆacturing andtｈeａssembｌyｐroceｓs.Ｔheｉnｔegraｔionｏfpａrtｓｍanufactureiｎtｏassemｂｌyｉsalsoaｎｏptiｏｎ.
Tｈｅｔhirｄaｒeainｗhｉch diｆｆicｕltiｅsoccurinvoｌves ｔherｏｂotandtｈｅperｉpheraleqｕiｐmeｎt。
Thebottleneckｓ herearｅ：
1Lｉｍｉｔedacceleraｔioｎandｅcelerationｏｆrobots:
ｒｅｓultiｎginrｅdｕcｅdspｅｅd.
2Iｎsｕfficienｔmeaｎs ｏｆintegrating cｏｍplｅｘsensｏrs:
ontheoneｈａnｄbecauseoｆｔｈe lowreliaｂilｉtyｏfthｅｓeseｎsｏrs，andontheotherhand ｂecauseｏfthecloseｎessofrobotcontrｏlleｒｓ；
a ｕｎｉｖｅｒsallaｎguａgefor rｏbotiｃassembｌｙsysｔemｓanｄ ａsｔanｄardinterfacefｏrroｂoｔcoｎtrollｅｒsarｅ,unfｏｒtuｎａｔely，not yｅt avａｉlable.
3 Limited fｌexibility oｆgrippers andotherasseｍｂlｙtｏｏls：
owingtoｔheprｏｄuct—depｅｎdenceoftheseassemblｙmeａｎs， enｄ-effeｃｔｏrｃｈangeisinｇeneralｒｅquired,fｏrｗｈｉｃh oｎ avｅrage30ｐerｃｅntofthecycｌeｔimｅwillｂｅ nｅedｅd[1］。
4Lｉmiｔedflｅxｉbilityofthepeｒipheralｅquiｐmｅnt:
thiｓ ｉs generalｌｙｓｅenastｈｅｍａｉｎｂｏttｌeneck.Ｔhepeｒｉpｈｅral eｑuiｐmｅnt isｏｆtenprｏdｕct－ｄeｐeｎdｅnt，ｗｈichaffecｔs theｓystｅｍflexiｂiｌityｎegativeｌy．Inthis manner,no jusｔiｃeｉs donetｏthehｉｇhflｅxibiliｔy ｏfthe robｏｔ.
5Ｌimitedreliabilityoｆｔhe peｒipheralequiｐmｅnｔandtｈe lowaccessibility ｏfｉｎdividuａlsyｓtｅｍ ｃoｍｐoｎents：
theseaspectｓａregreatlｙｉnfｌｕenｃeｄbytｈepｒoduct comｐlexiｔyand thｅsｙstemcｏnｆiｇuｒatioｎ[1］.
Tｈeseｂｏtｔlenecｋｓ ofｔｅｎｒesｕｌt ｉｎa highercaｐitalｃoｎsumｐtion,ａｎｄalongercycle tiｍeofｔhｅassｅmblysysｔem. Iｎsｕfficｉentcｏｈｅrenceanｄ ｓynｃhｒｏnizａtｉoｎbｅtｗeeｎproduct，processａndｓｙsｔemdesiｇｎoftｅｎlieaｔｔhｅbａsｉsｏfthｉs.
Ｄeveｌopmeｎttｅndeｎciｅs
Inｔheｐａsｔyears,numerｏus DFAｍｅthodshave ｂeｅn deｖelopedtoｏptｉmize ｐrｏductdeｓign，ｒeducｉnｇthｅcoｍplexityofｔh
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