造纸相关外文翻译参考文献Word格式.docx

造纸相关外文翻译参考文献Word格式.docx

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1．英文文献翻译1

1.1英文文献原文（原文题目）1

1.2中文翻译9

2.专业阅读书目15

2.1当代废纸制浆技术15

2.2制浆原理与工程15

2.3制浆造纸污染控制16

2.4加工纸与特种纸16

2.5造纸湿布化学17

2.6再生纤维与废纸脱墨技术17

2.7制浆造纸工程设计18

2.9造纸化学品的制备和作用机理19

2.10造纸原理与工程19

1英文文献翻译

1.1InorganicReactionsinChlorineDioxide

BleachingofSoftwoodKraftPulp

INTRODUCTION

Duetoenvironmentalconcerns,elementalchlorineisbeingreplacedwith

chlorinedioxide（ClO2）forthebleachingofwoodpulps.Chlorinedioxide

isaveryselectivebleachingreagent

presenceofcarbohydrates,therebypreservingpulpquality.Inaddition,ClO2

generateslesschlorinatedorganicsoradsorbableorganichalides（AOX）

comparedtochlorine,increasingtheattractivenessofchlorinedioxideasa

bleachingreagent.However,thereareissuessurroundingtheutilizationof

chlorinedioxide.Basedonoxidationequivalentsitismoreexpensivethan

elementalchlorine.Furthermore,theformationofchlorateandchlorite

decreaseitsoxidationefficiency,furtherincreasingthecostofbleaching.

Oneofthekeystooptimizingachlorinedioxidebleachingstageisto

minimizetheformationofchlorateandchlorite.Inthepast,chlorine

dioxidebleachingstudiesonchlorinepre-bleachedpulpshaveshownthat

theoptimalusageofchemical（minimumchlorateandchloriteresidues）

requiresthattheendpHbearound3.8.[1]However,thismaynotbetruefor

chlorinedioxidepre-bleachingbecauseresidualkraftlignincomponents

mostlikelydifferfromtheresiduallignininachlorinepre-bleachedpulp.It

hasbeenshownthatligninstructure,particularlyphenoliclignincontent,

directlyinfluencesthebleachabilityofwoodpulps.[2,3]Therefore,prebleaching

withchlorinedioxidemayrequiredifferentreactionconditionsto

minimizechloriteandchlorateformation.Inthisarticlewereporttheeffect

ofendpHontheformationofinorganicchlorinespeciesduringchlorine

dioxidepre-bleachingofasoftwoodkraftpulp.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

3,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone,sodiumborohydride（NaBH4）,p-dibromobenzene,

biphenyl,andallsolventswerepurchasedfromAldrichChemicalsandusedas

received.Chlorinedioxidewasproducedbyreacting80%stabilizedsodium

chlorite（ACROS）with1.5equivalentsofpotassiumpersulfate（Fluka）in

distilledwateratroomtemperature.Theresultingsolutionwasstrippedwith

UHP-nitrogen.Nitrogengascontainingstrippedchlorinedioxidewaspassed

throughacolumnofsodiumchlorite（Aldrich）,thenscrubbedincoldHPLCwater.

Methylveratrylalcohol（MVA）waspreparedbyreacting3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone

with2equivalentsofNaBH4.Thereactionmixturewasrefluxed

in3:

1MeOH:

H2Ofor3h,neutralizedwithcarbondioxide,andextracted

with1,2-dichloroethane.Quantitativeconversionoftheacetophenonewas

obtained.MSm/z（rel.int.）182（Mt,59）,167（87）,153（47）,139（100）,

124（32）,108（21）,93（50）,77（21）,65（25）,51（11）,43（41）.1H-NMRd

1.48（d,3H）,3.90（d,6H）,4.83（q,1H）,6.84（q,1H）,6.86（q,1H）,6.93（d,1H）.

ChlorineDioxideReactionswithPulp

The27kappasoftwoodkraftpulp（12gOD）wasprebleachedwithchlorine

dioxideusinga0.2kappafactor.Thebleachingwascarriedoutat10%consistency

at508Cfor2h.TheinitialpHofthepulpwasadjustedusingaqueous

sodiumhydroxide（5wt%）orsulfuricacid（5wt%）toachieveadesiredfinal

pH.HPLCgradewater（Aldrich）wasusedasthemakeupwater.Polyethylene

bagsfastenedwithrubberseptawereusedforbleaching.Samplesfor

inorganicionanalysiswerepreparedbyinjecting20mLeffluentsamples

intoa7mLvialandevacuatingfor45s,a1mLaliquotofHPLCwater

wasthenaddedtothesample,followedbytheadditionofasodiumfluoride

internalstandard.Effluentsamplesweretakenperiodicallyduringthe2h

bleach.Ionswereanalyzedusinganion-exchangecolumn（DionexAS9/

AG9guardcolumn）with2.5mMsodiumborateeluent.Theeluentflow

ratewas1.75mL/min.Chemicaldetectionwasdonebysuppressedconductivity

usingaDionexCD20conductivitydetector.Chlorinedioxide

concentrationsweredeterminedbyiodometrictitration.Thequantityof

hypochlorousacidinthereactionmediumwasdeterminedbytrappingwith

aqueoussolutionsofdimethylsulfoxide（DMSO）.Samples（100mL）ofthe

reactionmixturewereinjectedinto0.5mLofcoldaqueoussolutionscontaining

excessDMSO（0.25M,pHadjustedto8）.Trappedsampleswere

quenchedafter15swithasaturatedsodiumthiosulfatesolution.The

resultingdimethylsulfonecontentwasdeterminedbyGCusingcyclohexanol

asaninternalstandard.

ChlorineDioxideReactionswithMVA

MVAreactionswererunat25+18Cinanoilbathaspreviouslyreported.[4]

ThepHofthechlorinedioxidereactionwaskeptconstantbyusingapH

controlfeedbackloop.Reactionswererunina100mL,4-neckedflask.An

Omega

TM

pHcontroller（modelPHCN-37）wasconnectedtoaMilton-Roy

micro-chemicalmeteringpump（modelA771-155S）.Asodiumhydroxide

olution（0.8M）wasdeliveredtothereactionvesselfromaburettevia

NalgenewPVCtubing.Thealkaliadditiondidnotexceed1%ofthetotal

reactionvolume.ThereactionmixturewasstirredmagneticallywithaTefloncoatedbar.ThepHofthewaterandchlorinedioxidewereadjusted

usingaqueoussodiumhydroxide（5wt%）orsulfuricacid（5wt%）to

achievethedesiredfinalpHandmixedforoneminutepriortoinjectionof

anaqueoussolutionofMVA.Samplesofthereactionweretakenwitha

syringethrougharubberseptum.Inthekineticexperimentssamplingwas

doneuntilallMVAorchlorinedioxidewasconsumed.

Organiccompoundconcentrationsweredeterminedbygaschromatography.

TwentymLsamplesofthereactionmixturewerequenchedeither

byadding0.5mLof0.4Mascorbicacidor0.5mLofasaturatedaqueous

sodiumthiosulfatesolution.Thequenchedsampleswereextractedwith

0.5mLofethylacetatecontaining0.6mg/Lp-dibromobenzeneorbiphenyl

asaninternalstandard.Thereafter,thesamplesweredriedoveranhydrous

sodiumsulfateandmadeupto2mLwithethylacetatepriortoGCanalysis.

GCanalyseswereperformedonanHP5890（splitlessinjection）instrument

equippedwithaflameionizationdetector,usingHeasthecarriergas.

Injectoranddetectortemperatureswere2408Cand2808C,respectively.Separations

wereachievedonaJ&

WDB-5fusedsilicacapillarycolumn

（30m_0.32mm_0.25mm）.Typicaltemperatureprogramswerefrom

458Cto2508Catarateof108C/minwithaninitialtimedelayof1min,

andfrom1008Cto2708Cat10–208C/min.Inquantitativestudies,pdibromobenzene

orbiphenylwasusedasaninternalstandardandthe

relativepeakareasandcorrespondingresponsefactorswereusedto

calculateconcentrations.

AllGCMSanalyseswereconductedusingtheGCanalysisconditionson

aHP5985BGCMSequippedwithaDB-5capillarycolumn.IntheEImode,

theelectronenergyusedwas70eV.

1H-NMRspectraweredeterminedonaGE300MHzinstrument.Samples

weredissolvedinCDCl3.Chemicalshiftsaregiveninppmdownfieldfrom

TMS（tetramethylsilane）.

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

A27kappasoftwoodkraftpulpwasbleachedwithchlorinedioxide（ClO2）to

variousendpHvalues.Thequantityofchlorite（ClO2

2）,chlorate（ClO3

2）,and

chloride（Cl2）weredeterminedasafunctionofreactiontimeandareshown

inFigures1and2.

DuringhighpHbleaching（pH11.2）,chloriteformedrapidly.Thefirst

samplepoint（3min）forthepH11.2reactionshowsthatapproximately

70%ofthechlorinedioxidehadbeenconvertedtochlorite.AtthispHthe

chloriteconcentrationdidnotchangesignificantly（Figure1A）.However,as

theendpHdropped,chloritedegradationbegantooccur（Figure1B–1D）.

Therateofchloriteconsumptionappearedtoincreasewithadecreasein

bleachingpH.Asaresult,lessresidualchloritewasmeasuredafter120min

ofbleachingwithdecreasingendpH.Bycontrast,chlorateandchloride

BleachingEfficiency

Finalanalysisofinorganiccompoundsinthebleacheffluentshowsthat

bleachingtoanendpHoflessthan3.4resultsinthemostefficientusageof

chemicals.AsshowninFigure3theamountofresidualchloritetchlorate

decreaseswithendpHuntilabout3.4.BelowanendpHof3.4,thequantity

ofresidualchloritetchloratelevelsout.Thisobservationisdifferentthan

thatreportedbyCholletetal.,[11]whofoundthatbleachingachlorineprebleached

pulp（Kappano.5）withchlorinedioxidegavetheminimum

chloratetchloritelevelsatanendpHofbetween3and4.Inaddition,the

maximumpulpbrightnesswasattainedaroundanendpHof3.8.In

Chollet’sstudythequantityofchlorinedioxidelosttochloratewasshown

toincreasedramaticallywithdecreasingpHbelow3.Underacidicconditions

chlorateisformedaccordingtoEquation（10）.Underourconditions,the

amountofchloritethatisavailabletoparticipateinthisreactionislikely

lowerthanthatinChollet’ssystemduetothehigherlignincontentofour

pulp.Thehigherlignincontentcorrespondstoalargeramountofphenolic

moieties（thephenolichydroxycontentofa30kappasoftwoodkraftpulpis

approximatelybetween20to30%oftheresiduallignin[12,13]）,resultingin

amuchlowerconcentrationofchloriteavailabletoparticipateinEquation

（10）.

Brightnessandpermanganatenumbertrendsappeartocorrelatewiththe

amountofresidualchloritetchlorate.Figure7showsthatdecreasingendpH

below3.4didnothaveasignificanteffectonthebrightnessorthepermanganate

numberafteranextractionstage;

however,theorganicchlorinelevel

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-bleachinga27kappasoftwoodkraf