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1.英文文献翻译1
1.1英文文献原文(原文题目)1
1.2中文翻译9
2.专业阅读书目15
2.1当代废纸制浆技术15
2.2制浆原理与工程15
2.3制浆造纸污染控制16
2.4加工纸与特种纸16
2.5造纸湿布化学17
2.6再生纤维与废纸脱墨技术17
2.7制浆造纸工程设计18
2.9造纸化学品的制备和作用机理19
2.10造纸原理与工程19
1英文文献翻译
1.1InorganicReactionsinChlorineDioxide
BleachingofSoftwoodKraftPulp
INTRODUCTION
Duetoenvironmentalconcerns,elementalchlorineisbeingreplacedwith
chlorinedioxide(ClO2)forthebleachingofwoodpulps.Chlorinedioxide
isaveryselectivebleachingreagent
presenceofcarbohydrates,therebypreservingpulpquality.Inaddition,ClO2
generateslesschlorinatedorganicsoradsorbableorganichalides(AOX)
comparedtochlorine,increasingtheattractivenessofchlorinedioxideasa
bleachingreagent.However,thereareissuessurroundingtheutilizationof
chlorinedioxide.Basedonoxidationequivalentsitismoreexpensivethan
elementalchlorine.Furthermore,theformationofchlorateandchlorite
decreaseitsoxidationefficiency,furtherincreasingthecostofbleaching.
Oneofthekeystooptimizingachlorinedioxidebleachingstageisto
minimizetheformationofchlorateandchlorite.Inthepast,chlorine
dioxidebleachingstudiesonchlorinepre-bleachedpulpshaveshownthat
theoptimalusageofchemical(minimumchlorateandchloriteresidues)
requiresthattheendpHbearound3.8.[1]However,thismaynotbetruefor
chlorinedioxidepre-bleachingbecauseresidualkraftlignincomponents
mostlikelydifferfromtheresiduallignininachlorinepre-bleachedpulp.It
hasbeenshownthatligninstructure,particularlyphenoliclignincontent,
directlyinfluencesthebleachabilityofwoodpulps.[2,3]Therefore,prebleaching
withchlorinedioxidemayrequiredifferentreactionconditionsto
minimizechloriteandchlorateformation.Inthisarticlewereporttheeffect
ofendpHontheformationofinorganicchlorinespeciesduringchlorine
dioxidepre-bleachingofasoftwoodkraftpulp.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
3,4-Dimethoxyacetophenone,sodiumborohydride(NaBH4),p-dibromobenzene,
biphenyl,andallsolventswerepurchasedfromAldrichChemicalsandusedas
received.Chlorinedioxidewasproducedbyreacting80%stabilizedsodium
chlorite(ACROS)with1.5equivalentsofpotassiumpersulfate(Fluka)in
distilledwateratroomtemperature.Theresultingsolutionwasstrippedwith
UHP-nitrogen.Nitrogengascontainingstrippedchlorinedioxidewaspassed
throughacolumnofsodiumchlorite(Aldrich),thenscrubbedincoldHPLCwater.
Methylveratrylalcohol(MVA)waspreparedbyreacting3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone
with2equivalentsofNaBH4.Thereactionmixturewasrefluxed
in3:
1MeOH:
H2Ofor3h,neutralizedwithcarbondioxide,andextracted
with1,2-dichloroethane.Quantitativeconversionoftheacetophenonewas
obtained.MSm/z(rel.int.)182(Mt,59),167(87),153(47),139(100),
124(32),108(21),93(50),77(21),65(25),51(11),43(41).1H-NMRd
1.48(d,3H),3.90(d,6H),4.83(q,1H),6.84(q,1H),6.86(q,1H),6.93(d,1H).
ChlorineDioxideReactionswithPulp
The27kappasoftwoodkraftpulp(12gOD)wasprebleachedwithchlorine
dioxideusinga0.2kappafactor.Thebleachingwascarriedoutat10%consistency
at508Cfor2h.TheinitialpHofthepulpwasadjustedusingaqueous
sodiumhydroxide(5wt%)orsulfuricacid(5wt%)toachieveadesiredfinal
pH.HPLCgradewater(Aldrich)wasusedasthemakeupwater.Polyethylene
bagsfastenedwithrubberseptawereusedforbleaching.Samplesfor
inorganicionanalysiswerepreparedbyinjecting20mLeffluentsamples
intoa7mLvialandevacuatingfor45s,a1mLaliquotofHPLCwater
wasthenaddedtothesample,followedbytheadditionofasodiumfluoride
internalstandard.Effluentsamplesweretakenperiodicallyduringthe2h
bleach.Ionswereanalyzedusinganion-exchangecolumn(DionexAS9/
AG9guardcolumn)with2.5mMsodiumborateeluent.Theeluentflow
ratewas1.75mL/min.Chemicaldetectionwasdonebysuppressedconductivity
usingaDionexCD20conductivitydetector.Chlorinedioxide
concentrationsweredeterminedbyiodometrictitration.Thequantityof
hypochlorousacidinthereactionmediumwasdeterminedbytrappingwith
aqueoussolutionsofdimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Samples(100mL)ofthe
reactionmixturewereinjectedinto0.5mLofcoldaqueoussolutionscontaining
excessDMSO(0.25M,pHadjustedto8).Trappedsampleswere
quenchedafter15swithasaturatedsodiumthiosulfatesolution.The
resultingdimethylsulfonecontentwasdeterminedbyGCusingcyclohexanol
asaninternalstandard.
ChlorineDioxideReactionswithMVA
MVAreactionswererunat25+18Cinanoilbathaspreviouslyreported.[4]
ThepHofthechlorinedioxidereactionwaskeptconstantbyusingapH
controlfeedbackloop.Reactionswererunina100mL,4-neckedflask.An
Omega
TM
pHcontroller(modelPHCN-37)wasconnectedtoaMilton-Roy
micro-chemicalmeteringpump(modelA771-155S).Asodiumhydroxide
olution(0.8M)wasdeliveredtothereactionvesselfromaburettevia
NalgenewPVCtubing.Thealkaliadditiondidnotexceed1%ofthetotal
reactionvolume.ThereactionmixturewasstirredmagneticallywithaTefloncoatedbar.ThepHofthewaterandchlorinedioxidewereadjusted
usingaqueoussodiumhydroxide(5wt%)orsulfuricacid(5wt%)to
achievethedesiredfinalpHandmixedforoneminutepriortoinjectionof
anaqueoussolutionofMVA.Samplesofthereactionweretakenwitha
syringethrougharubberseptum.Inthekineticexperimentssamplingwas
doneuntilallMVAorchlorinedioxidewasconsumed.
Organiccompoundconcentrationsweredeterminedbygaschromatography.
TwentymLsamplesofthereactionmixturewerequenchedeither
byadding0.5mLof0.4Mascorbicacidor0.5mLofasaturatedaqueous
sodiumthiosulfatesolution.Thequenchedsampleswereextractedwith
0.5mLofethylacetatecontaining0.6mg/Lp-dibromobenzeneorbiphenyl
asaninternalstandard.Thereafter,thesamplesweredriedoveranhydrous
sodiumsulfateandmadeupto2mLwithethylacetatepriortoGCanalysis.
GCanalyseswereperformedonanHP5890(splitlessinjection)instrument
equippedwithaflameionizationdetector,usingHeasthecarriergas.
Injectoranddetectortemperatureswere2408Cand2808C,respectively.Separations
wereachievedonaJ&
WDB-5fusedsilicacapillarycolumn
(30m_0.32mm_0.25mm).Typicaltemperatureprogramswerefrom
458Cto2508Catarateof108C/minwithaninitialtimedelayof1min,
andfrom1008Cto2708Cat10–208C/min.Inquantitativestudies,pdibromobenzene
orbiphenylwasusedasaninternalstandardandthe
relativepeakareasandcorrespondingresponsefactorswereusedto
calculateconcentrations.
AllGCMSanalyseswereconductedusingtheGCanalysisconditionson
aHP5985BGCMSequippedwithaDB-5capillarycolumn.IntheEImode,
theelectronenergyusedwas70eV.
1H-NMRspectraweredeterminedonaGE300MHzinstrument.Samples
weredissolvedinCDCl3.Chemicalshiftsaregiveninppmdownfieldfrom
TMS(tetramethylsilane).
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
A27kappasoftwoodkraftpulpwasbleachedwithchlorinedioxide(ClO2)to
variousendpHvalues.Thequantityofchlorite(ClO2
2),chlorate(ClO3
2),and
chloride(Cl2)weredeterminedasafunctionofreactiontimeandareshown
inFigures1and2.
DuringhighpHbleaching(pH11.2),chloriteformedrapidly.Thefirst
samplepoint(3min)forthepH11.2reactionshowsthatapproximately
70%ofthechlorinedioxidehadbeenconvertedtochlorite.AtthispHthe
chloriteconcentrationdidnotchangesignificantly(Figure1A).However,as
theendpHdropped,chloritedegradationbegantooccur(Figure1B–1D).
Therateofchloriteconsumptionappearedtoincreasewithadecreasein
bleachingpH.Asaresult,lessresidualchloritewasmeasuredafter120min
ofbleachingwithdecreasingendpH.Bycontrast,chlorateandchloride
BleachingEfficiency
Finalanalysisofinorganiccompoundsinthebleacheffluentshowsthat
bleachingtoanendpHoflessthan3.4resultsinthemostefficientusageof
chemicals.AsshowninFigure3theamountofresidualchloritetchlorate
decreaseswithendpHuntilabout3.4.BelowanendpHof3.4,thequantity
ofresidualchloritetchloratelevelsout.Thisobservationisdifferentthan
thatreportedbyCholletetal.,[11]whofoundthatbleachingachlorineprebleached
pulp(Kappano.5)withchlorinedioxidegavetheminimum
chloratetchloritelevelsatanendpHofbetween3and4.Inaddition,the
maximumpulpbrightnesswasattainedaroundanendpHof3.8.In
Chollet’sstudythequantityofchlorinedioxidelosttochloratewasshown
toincreasedramaticallywithdecreasingpHbelow3.Underacidicconditions
chlorateisformedaccordingtoEquation(10).Underourconditions,the
amountofchloritethatisavailabletoparticipateinthisreactionislikely
lowerthanthatinChollet’ssystemduetothehigherlignincontentofour
pulp.Thehigherlignincontentcorrespondstoalargeramountofphenolic
moieties(thephenolichydroxycontentofa30kappasoftwoodkraftpulpis
approximatelybetween20to30%oftheresiduallignin[12,13]),resultingin
amuchlowerconcentrationofchloriteavailabletoparticipateinEquation
(10).
Brightnessandpermanganatenumbertrendsappeartocorrelatewiththe
amountofresidualchloritetchlorate.Figure7showsthatdecreasingendpH
below3.4didnothaveasignificanteffectonthebrightnessorthepermanganate
numberafteranextractionstage;
however,theorganicchlorinelevel
CONCLUSIONS
Pre-bleachinga27kappasoftwoodkraf