考研英语一真题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx

考研英语一真题及答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater._9_,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould_10_seesignsofpeople

Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsigh-ytsoumaybe_11_howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another_12_Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation._13_evenindensefores,youshouldbeableto_14_gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve_15_thewoods.Headtowardthese_16_tofindawayout.Atmightcanthehorizonfor_17_lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

_18_,assumingyou'

relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe_19_weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazestiretracks.andotherfeaturescan_20_youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]until

4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

lO.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]Under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts,AnswerthequestionseachtextbychoosingAB.CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.

Startingnextyear.anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed1oyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"

clawback"

ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Sho-rtermism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies.saystheBankofEngland'

stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"

Childrenwho

picktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain.henoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinlone-termresearchorto

buildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"

quarterlycapitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."

Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”CsaoimdmissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"

short-termism."

InitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreetJournalfindsthat"

asubstantialpart"

ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"

long-termism,suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothink

beyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britainsa’snewrulei

remindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformancenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness"

-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'

soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgradationrates.Whenthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."

Untimely."

saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'

sregistrar."

weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey’vgeottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'

expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltotumoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'

andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.StudentsindifferencetoGPAS.CCollegesneglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.WhatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgivenessA.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincollegesgraduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.28.AccordingtoParagraph5.gradeforgivenessenablescollegesA.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

C.improvetheirteachingquality.

D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5.Para.6）mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.TheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyAassessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit.D.listingitslong-runeffects

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein,or.TheModemPrometheusbyMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanychicalquestions

toberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence（An）raisesfundamentalquestions:

"

Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?

whatmakeshumanshumans?

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthinkcontinuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespond

likehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTvseriessuchas"

Westworld

and"

Humans"

.

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstoodletalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist,"

Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn'

tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAl