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laminarflowoccursatlowReynoldsnumbers,whereviscousforcesaredominant,andischaracterizedbysmooth,constantfluidmotion;
turbulentflowoccursathighReynoldsnumbersandisdominatedbyinertialforces,whichtendtoproducechaoticeddies,vorticesandotherflowinstabilities.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Definition
o1.1Significance
o1.2FlowinPipe
o1.3Flowinanon-circularduct(annulus)
o1.4FlowinaWideDuct
o1.5FlowinanOpenChannel
o1.6Objectinafluid
▪1.6.1Sphereinafluid
▪1.6.2Oblongobjectinafluid
▪1.6.3Fallvelocity
o1.7PackedBed
o1.8StirredVessel
∙2TransitionReynoldsnumber
∙3Reynoldsnumberinpipefriction
∙4Thesimilarityofflows
∙5Reynoldsnumbersetsthesmallestscalesofturbulentmotion
∙6ExampleoftheimportanceoftheReynoldsnumber
∙7Reynoldsnumberinphysiology
∙8Reynoldsnumberinviscousfluids
∙9Derivation
∙10Seealso
∙11Referencesandnotes
o11.1Furtherreading
∙12Externallinks
[edit]Definition
Reynoldsnumbercanbedefinedforanumberofdifferentsituationswhereafluidisinrelativemotiontoasurface(thedefinitionoftheReynoldsnumberisnottobeconfusedwiththeReynoldsEquationorlubricationequation).Thesedefinitionsgenerallyincludethefluidpropertiesofdensityandviscosity,plusavelocityandacharacteristiclengthorcharacteristicdimension.Thisdimensionisamatterofconvention–forexamplearadiusordiameterareequallyvalidforspheresorcircles,butoneischosenbyconvention.Foraircraftorships,thelengthorwidthcanbeused.Forflowinapipeoraspheremovinginafluidtheinternaldiameterisgenerallyusedtoday.Othershapes(suchasrectangularpipesornon-sphericalobjects)haveanequivalentdiameterdefined.Forfluidsofvariabledensity(e.g.compressiblegases)orvariableviscosity(non-Newtonianfluids)specialrulesapply.Thevelocitymayalsobeamatterofconventioninsomecircumstances,notablystirredvessels.
[4]
where:
∙
isthemeanvelocity,
oftheobjectrelativetothefluid(SIunits:
m/s)
isacharacteristiclineardimension(travelledlengthofthefluid;
hydraulicdiameterwhendealingwithriversystems)(m)
isthedynamicviscosityofthefluid(Pa·
sorN·
s/m²
orkg/(m·
s))
isthekinematicviscosity(ν=μ/ρ)(m²
/s)
isthedensityofthefluid(kg/m³
)
NotethatmultiplyingtheReynoldsnumber,
by
yields
whichistheratio,
.[5]
[edit]Significance
[edit]FlowinPipe
Forflowinapipeortube,theReynoldsnumberisgenerallydefinedas:
[6]
isthehydraulicdiameterofthepipe;
itscharacteristiclength,
(m).
isthevolumetricflowrate(m³
/s).
isthepipecross-sectionalarea(m²
).
oftheobjectrelativetothefluid(m/s)
s)).
[edit]Flowinanon-circularduct(annulus)
Forshapessuchassquares,rectangularorannularducts(wheretheheightandwidtharecomparable)thecharacteristicdimensionforinternalflowsituationsistakentobethehydraulicdiameter,DH,definedas4timesthecross-sectionalarea(ofthefluid),dividedbythewettedperimeter.Thewettedperimeterforachannelisthetotalperimeterofallchannelwallsthatareincontactwiththeflow.[7]ThismeansthelengthofthewaterexposedtoairisNOTincludedinthewettedperimeter
Foracircularpipe,thehydraulicdiameterisexactlyequaltotheinsidepipediameter,ascanbeshownmathematically.
Foranannularduct,suchastheouterchannelinatube-in-tubeheatexchanger,thehydraulicdiametercanbeshownalgebraicallytoreduceto
DH,annulus=Do−Di
where
Doistheoutsidediameteroftheoutsidepipe,and
Diistheinsidediameteroftheinsidepipe.
Forcalculationsinvolvingflowinnon-circularducts,thehydraulicdiametercanbesubstitutedforthediameterofacircularduct,withreasonableaccuracy.
[edit]FlowinaWideDuct
Forafluidmovingbetweentwoplaneparallelsurfaces(wherethewidthismuchgreaterthanthespacebetweentheplates)thenthecharacteristicdimensionistwicethedistancebetweentheplates.[8]
[edit]FlowinanOpenChannel
Forflowofliquidwithafreesurface,thehydraulicradiusmustbedetermined.Thisisthecross-sectionalareaofthechanneldividedbythewettedperimeter.Forasemi-circularchannel,itishalftheradius.Forarectangularchannel,thehydraulicradiusisthecross-sectionalareadividedbythewettedperimeter.Sometextsthenuseacharacteristicdimensionthatis4timesthehydraulicradius(chosenbecauseitgivesthesamevalueofRefortheonsetofturbulenceasinpipeflow),[9]whileothersusethehydraulicradiusasthecharacteristiclength-scalewithconsequentlydifferentvaluesofRefortransitionandturbulentflow.
[edit]Objectinafluid
TheReynoldsnumberforanobjectinafluid,calledtheparticleReynoldsnumberandoftendenotedRep,isimportantwhenconsideringthenatureofflowaroundthatgrain,whetherornotvortexsheddingwilloccur,anditsfallvelocity.
[edit]Sphereinafluid
Forasphereinafluid,thecharacteristiclength-scaleisthediameterofthesphereandthecharacteristicvelocityisthatofthesphererelativetothefluidsomedistanceawayfromthesphere(suchthatthemotionofthespheredoesnotdisturbthatreferenceparceloffluid).Thedensityandviscosityarethosebelongingtothefluid.[10]NotethatpurelylaminarflowonlyexistsuptoRe=0.1underthisdefinition.
UndertheconditionoflowRe,therelationshipbetweenforceandspeedofmotionisgivenbyStokes'
law.[11]
[edit]Oblongobjectinafluid
Theequationforanoblongobjectisidenticaltothatofasphere,withtheobjectbeingapproximatedasanellipsoidandtheaxisoflengthbeingchosenasthecharacteristiclengthscale.Suchconsiderationsareimportantinnaturalstreams,forexample,wheretherearefewperfectlysphericalgrains.Forgrainsinwhichmeasurementofeachaxisisimpractical(e.g.,becausetheyaretoosmall),sievediametersareusedinsteadasthecharacteristicparticlelength-scale.BothapproximationsalterthevaluesofthecriticalReynoldsnumber.
[edit]Fallvelocity
TheparticleReynoldsnumberisimportantindeterminingthefallvelocityofaparticle.WhentheparticleReynoldsnumberindicateslaminarflow,Stokes'
lawcanbeusedtocalculateitsfallvelocity.WhentheparticleReynoldsnumberindicatesturbulentflow,aturbulentdraglawmustbeconstructedtomodeltheappropriatesettlingvelocity.
[edit]PackedBed
ForflowoffluidthroughabedofapproximatelysphericalparticlesofdiameterDincontact,ifthevoidage(fractionofthebednotfilledwithparticles)isεandthesuperficialvelocityV(i.e.thevelocitythroughthebedasiftheparticleswerenotthere-theactualvelocitywillbehigher)thenaReynoldsnumbercanbedefinedas:
LaminarconditionsapplyuptoRe=10,fullyturbulentfrom2000.[10]
[edit]StirredVessel
Inacylindricalvesselstirredbyacentralrotatingpaddle,turbineorpropellor,thecharacteristicdimensionisthediameteroftheagitatorD.ThevelocityisNDwhereNistherotationalspeed(revolutionspersecond).ThentheReynoldsnumberis:
ThesystemisfullyturbulentforvaluesofReabove10000.[12]
[edit]TransitionReynoldsnumber
[citationneeded]Inboundarylayerflowoveraflatplate,experimentscanconfirmthat,afteracertainlengthofflow,alaminarboundarylayerwillbecomeunstableandbecometurbulent.Thisinstabilityoccursacrossdifferentscalesandwithdifferentfluids,usuallywhen
wherexisthedistancefromtheleadingedgeoftheflatplate,andtheflowvelocityisthefreestreamvelocityofthefluidoutsidetheboundarylayer.
ForflowinapipeofdiameterD,experimentalobservationsshowthatfor'
fullydeveloped'
flow(Note:
[13]),laminarflowoccurswhenReD<
2000andturbulentflowoccurswhenReD>
4000.[14]Intheintervalbetween2300and4000,laminarandturbulentflowsarepossible('
transition'
flows),dependingonotherfactors,suchaspiperoughnessandflowuniformity).Thisresultisgeneralisedtonon-circularchannelsusingthehydraulicdiameter,allowingatransitionReynoldsnumbertobecalculatedforothershapesofchannel.
ThesetransitionReynoldsnumbersarealsocalledcritical