二语习得 思考题答案Word格式文档下载.docx

二语习得 思考题答案Word格式文档下载.docx

《二语习得 思考题答案Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《二语习得 思考题答案Word格式文档下载.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

1）Howcanweteachlanguagesbetter?

2）Howcanwediagnosespeechpathologiesbetter?

3）Howcanweimprovethetrainingoftranslatorsandinterpreters?

4）Howcanwewriteavalidlanguageexamination?

5）Howcanweevaluateaschoolbilingualprogram?

6）Howcanwedeterminetheliteracylevelsofawholepopulation?

8）Howcanwehelpfullydiscussthelanguageofatext?

9）WhatadvicecanweofferaMinistryofEducationonaproposaltointroduceanewmediumofinstruction?

10）HowcanwecomparetheacquisitionofaEuropeanandanAsianlanguage?

11）Whatadviceshouldwegiveadefenselawyerontheauthenticityofapolicetranscriptofaninterviewwithasuspect?

2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticsandappliedlinguistics?

1）Linguisticsdealswiththeory

2）Appliedlinguisticsissimplynotinthebusinessofdevelopingnewtheories.Itsconcerniswithnewdata.

3）Bothsidesofthelinguistics/appliedlinguisticsrelationshipoughttobeaccountabletoandinregulardialogwitheachotherwithregardtotheoriesaswellaspractices.

3.Whatarethedomainsofappliedlinguistics?

Majorbranchesofappliedlinguisticsincludebilingualismandmultilingualism,computer-mediatedcommunication（CMC）,conversationanalysis,languageassessment,discourseanalysis,sociolinguistics,secondlanguageacquisition,languageplanningandpolicies,pragmatics,forensiclinguistics,andtranslation.

4.Whataretheresearchmethodsinappliedlinguistics?

Progressinunderstandingcognitivedevelopmentalchangemechanismsrequiresmethodsthatyielddetaileddataaboutparticularchanges.Themicrogeneticmethodisanapproachthatcanyieldsuchdata.Itinvolves（a）observationsofindividualchildrenthroughouttheperiodofthechange,（b）ahighdensityofobservationsrelativetotherateofchangewithinthatperiod,and（c）intensivetrial-by-trialanalysesintendedtoinfertheprocessesthatgaverisetothechange.Thisapproachcanilluminatebothqualitativeandquantitativeaspectsofchange,indicatetheconditionsunderwhichchangesoccur,andyieldotherwiseunobtainableinformationaboutshort-livedtransitionstrategies.Thecostintimeandeffortofsuchstudiesisoftenhigh,butthevalueoftheinformationaboutchangecanmorethanjustifythecost.

5.Whatisthetrendofthedevelopmentofappliedlinguistics?

Kaplansuggeststhatinthefuture"

appliedlinguisticsislikelytobemarkedbyamorepowerfulversionofdescriptivelinguisticsasthecentrallinguisticresourceforresearch,"

andherefersparticularlytothedevelopmentofcorpuslinguisticsinthisrespect.Hementions,too,theincreasingimportanceoftechnologyinmanybranchesofthefield.Appliedlinguistswillincreasinglyneedtoparticipateininterdisciplinaryresearchprojects,hebelieves.

Unit2

1.Istherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandappliedlinguistics,hierarchyorpartnership?

Yes,becauseAppliedlinguisticscannotonlytesttheapplicabilityandreplicabilityoflinguisticsanditsapplication,butalsoquestionandchallengethemwheretheyarefoundwanting.（p.4）

Bothsidesofthelinguistics/appliedlinguisticsrelationshipoughttobeaccountabletoandinregulardialoguewitheachotherwithregardtotheoriesaswellaspractices.

Accountabilitywillcenteronsetofresponsibilitiesfailingontheshouldersoflinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsinturn.

2.Shouldappliedlinguisticsbetheoretical?

Why?

Yes,Ithinkso.Because‘Beingtheoretical’isadesirablething.Buttheoreticalstanceismoreusefulasamottothantheoreticalallegiance.Encounteringproblemsandadoptingaconvincingstancetowardsthemiswhatdefinesappliedlinguisticsasadiscipline.

3.Whatisthedisciplinarynatureofappliedlinguistics?

1）Appliedlinguisticshasmanyofthemarkingsofanacademicdiscipline:

professionaljournals,professionalassociations,internationalrecognitionforthefield,fundingresourcesforresearchprojects,alargenumberofindividualswhoseethemselvesasappliedlinguists,trainedprofessionalswhoarehiredinacademicinstitutionsasappliedlinguists,studentswhowanttobecomeappliedlinguists,andarecognizedmeansfortrainingthesestudentstobecomeappliedlinguists.

2）Appliedlinguisticsrecognizesthatlinguisticsmustbeincludedasacoreknowledgebaseintheworkofappliedlinguistics,althoughthepurposeofmostappliedlinguists’workisnotsimplyto“apply”linguisticstoachieveasolution.

3）Appliedlinguisticsisgroundedinreal-world,language-drivenproblemsandissues（primarilybylinkagestopracticalissuesinvolvinglanguageuse,languageevaluation,languagecontactandmultilingualism,languagepolicies,andlanguagelearningandteaching）.Thereisalso,however,therecognitionthatthesepracticallydrivenproblemshaveextraordinaryrange,andthisrangetendstodiluteanysenseofcommonpurposeorcommonprofessionalidentificationamongpractitioners.

4）Appliedlinguisticstypicallyincorporatesotherdisciplinaryknowledgebeyondlinguisticsinitseffortstoaddresslanguage-basedproblems.Appliedlinguistscommonlydrawuponandareoftenwelltrainedinpsychology,education,anthropology,politicalscience,sociology,measurement,computerprogramming,literature,and/oreconomics.

5）Appliedlinguisticsis,ofnecessity,aninterdisciplinaryfield,sincefewpracticallanguageissuescanbeaddressedthroughtheknowledgeresourcesofanysinglediscipline,includinglinguistics.

6）Appliedlinguisticscommonlyincludesacoresetofissuesandpracticesthatisreadilyidentifiedasworkcarriedoutbymanyappliedlinguists（e.g.,languageteaching,languageteacherpreparation,andlanguagecurriculumdevelopment）.

7）Appliedlinguisticsgenerallyincorporatesorincludesseveralfurtheridentifiablesub-fieldsofstudy:

secondlanguageacquisition,forensiclinguistics,languagetesting,corpuslinguistics,lexicographyanddictionarymaking,languagetranslation,andsecondlanguagewritingresearch.Somemembersofthesefieldsdonotseethemselvesasappliedlinguistics,thoughtheirworkclearlyaddressespracticallanguageissues.

8）Appliedlinguisticsoftendefinesitselfbroadlyinordertoincludeadditionalfieldsoflanguage-relatedstudies（e.g.,languagepathology,naturallanguageprocessing,firstlanguageliteracyresearch,andfirstlanguagecompositionstudies）.Thelargemajorityofmembersofthesefieldsdonotseethemselvesasappliedlinguistics,butthebroaddefinitiongiveslicenseforappliedlinguiststoworkwithandborrowfromthesedisciplinesfortheirowngoals.

4.Whatisthesuccessfulwayofapplyinglinguistics?

1）Identifyinganddefiningproblems.

2）Contextualizingthoseproblemswithlinguisticstudyanddevelopingatheoreticalstance.

3）Harnessingappropriateresourcesfortheexplorationofpossiblesolutions.

4）Evaluatingtheproposedsolutions

5.Howtobeagoodappliedlinguist?

Thegoodappliedlinguistnotonlystartsfromday-to-daypracticalproblemsandlooksforsolutionsindescription,modelsandtheoriesoflanguage,butalsodevelopshisorherownmodelsandtheoreticalstance.

Unit3

1.Isitnecessarytodraw 

adivisionbetweenageneral,abstractviewofhumanlanguageandthestudyofthedifferent,specificlanguagesspokenbyhumanbeings?

Adivisionbetweenageneral,abstractviewofhumanlanguageandthestudyofthedifferent,specificlanguagesspokenbyhumanbeingsshouldnotoverstressed.

2.Ofwhatdoesthehistoricalperspectiveonappliedlinguisticsremindus?

Thehistoricalperspectiveonappliedlinguisticsremindsusthatscholarsoflanguagesandlanguageoverthecenturieshavecombinedthestudyofindividuallanguageswithcomparisonacrosslanguagesandwithdebatesaboutlanguageasawhole.

3.Whatarethekeypointsconcerningthenatureofhumanlanguage?

Theprofessionalcommunityasawholewouldagreeonanumberofkeypointsconcerningthenatureofhumanlanguageingeneral:

1）Allnormalhumanacquireafirstlanguagewithlittleornoformaltuition.

2）Humanscanlearnoneanother’slanguage.

3）Allhumanlanguageshaveformsandmeanings.Formsarereflectedinsyntax,vocabularyandphonology.

4）Alllanguagesfunctionarerealizedinsubstance,whethersoundaloneorsoundandwriting.

5）Allhumanlanguagesfunctionadequatelyintheirsocialsettings

6）Alllanguagesfunctionwithinsocialcontexts.

7）Alllanguagesreflectandareintegrallyboundupwithsomesortofpsychological,socialandculturalrealityfortheirspeakers.

4.Whatshouldcross-linguisticcomparisonbeseenas?

Cross-linguisticcomparisonshouldnotbeseenasmerelyerrorordifficulty-driven,butproblem-driveninthetruesense.

Problemincludes:

curiosity,enquiry,comparison,evolutionandquestioning,trouble-shootingerrors,obstaclesanddifficultiesandsortingoutfailure.

5.Whatisthemostsignificantinfluencethatdiscourseanalysishasonlinguisticcomparison?

Discourseanalysishashadaprofoundeffectonhowlanguagesarecompared.

Themostsignificantinfluence:

providinganewsetofparameterswithinwhichtocarryoutthecomparisons,whichareindependentofthetraditionallevelsofanalysissuchassentencegrammarandsemantics.

Unit4

1.Inwhatwayscanlanguagebeviewedasabstractsystem?

Abstractsystem,existingindependentlyofitscontextsofuse,asassociatedwith“mentalconstructs”.

1）I