语言学转喻Word文件下载.docx

语言学转喻Word文件下载.docx

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吴洁

学院

外国语学部

专业

英语

学号

0943********

指导教师

陈善敏

二〇一三年四月十五日

ABSTRACT

Cognitivelinguiststhinkthatmetonymyisnotjustakindofrhetoricdevice,butalsoakindofcognitivemethod.Thenatureofmetonymyisthatasourcedomaincanprovideamentalaccesstothetargetdomainaccordingtothecontiguitybetweentwoconcepts.Thispassage,firstly,introducesmetonymicalcognitiveattributesandmetonymicalclassification.Next,thepassageanalyzesmainfactorswhicheffectwordmeaningchange.Theinternalfactoristheinfluenceofmetonymy,whiletheexternalfactorsincludethedevelopmentofhistory,thedifferenceofsocialclassandthechangeofpeople’sperception.Thenthepassagemainlyprobesmetonymicalmodelinwordmeaningchangemainlyreflectedintothreeaspects,namelymetonymicalmodelinextensionornarrowingofwordmeaning,metonymicalmodelintransferenceofwordmeaningandmetonymicalmodelinelevationanddegradationofwordmeaning.Itfollowsthatmetonymyisoneofinnermechanismofeffectingwordmeaningchange.

Keywords:

metonymy;

cognitivemechanism;

word-meaningchange

摘要

认知语言学认为，转喻不只是一种修辞手法，它还是一种认知方式，其本质是借助两个概念之间的邻近性而达到相互的通达。

文章首先介绍了转喻的认知属性及转喻的分类。

接下来，文章分析了影响语义变化的主要因素，内部因素主要是转喻的影响，外部因素主要包括历史发展，社会阶层的不同和人们观念的变化。

然后文章重点探讨了词义变化中的转喻模式，主要体现在三个方面，即词义扩大或缩小的转喻方式、词义转移的转喻方式、词义褒贬演变的转喻方式，由此得出，转喻是影响词义变化的内在机制之一。

关键字:

转喻;

认知机制;

词义变化

Contents

AbstractI

摘要II

Introduction1

Chapter1WhatIsMetonymy3

1.1TraditionalMetonymyConcept3

1.2CognitiveNatureofMetonymy4

1.3ClassificationofCognitiveMetonymy5

Chapter2CausesforWord-MeaningChange9

2.1ExternalFactors9

2.2InternalFactors10

Chapter3MetonymicalChangeinWordMeaning13

3.1MetonymicalextensionorNarrowingofWordMeaning13

3.1.1Thesalienceonpsychologicalperception13

3.1.2Theconventionalizedsalience16

3.2MetonymicalTransferenceofWordMeaning16

3.3MetonymicalElevationorDegradationofWordMeaning17

Conclusion19

Bibliography20

Acknowledgements21

Appendix:

InformativeChineseAbstract22

Introduction

Metonymy,likemetaphor,isgroundedinourexperienceandallowsustoconceptualizeonethingbymeansofitsrelationtosomethingelse.（LiaoGuiyan&

CuiXiumin2007:

34-35）Inrecentyears,metonymyandlexicaldevelopmenthavebeengraduallypaidattentiontobydomesticandforeignlinguists.Oneofthemostpopularexplanationsformetonymycomesfromthecognitivelinguists.Theythinkthatmetonymyisnotasimplerhetoricaldecoration,butamaincognitivetoolandthinkingwayofhumanbeings.Theachievementofforeignmetonymyresearchismainlyshowedintheresearchofmetonymicnatureandmetonymicclassification.TheearliercognitivelinguistsLayoff&

Johnsonbelievethatmetonymyisaprocessofconceptualizationofthingsthroughthecontiguityrelationshipwhichjustexplainsmetonymicnatureinbroad-brushoutline.Laterthelinguistsstudymetonymyincognitivedomainandthinkmetonymyisaconceptualmappinginacognitivedomain,whichismainlyreferentialfunction.Croftarguesthatmetonymyisthehighlightingofcognitivedomainindomainmatrix.Panther&

Raddenbasedontheformerresearch,thinkmetonymyisacognitiveprocessintheidealizedcognitivemode.Inthisprocess,aconceptprovidesthementalaccesstoanotherconceptandetc.（ZhuangDongwei2012:

18）ThedomesticscholarShenJiaxuan,however,introducesmetonymyincognitiveviewwhoregards“destructure”asabreakthroughpointandbelievesthattransferredreferenceingrammarisessentiallymetonymywhichisagenerallycognitivewayembodiedingrammar,itcanbecalled"

grammaticalmetonymy"

.ChenYuandZhaoHuajunthinkthatmetaphormechanismisthecognitivebasisofpolysemywhilemetonymymechanismisthemaincognitivemotivationofclassconversion.（ZuangDongwei2012:

19）Basedontheresearchofmetonymyathomeandabroad,wewillanalyzethefunctionofmetonymyaboutwords.

Langackerthinksthatlanguagecommunicationisdominatedbyinformationalmaximizationandlanguageeconomicalprinciple.Theinformationalmaximizationprinciplesuggeststhatspeakerstrytoaccuratelyconveymostofinformationas

muchaspossiblewhilelanguageeconomicalprinciplesuggeststhatspeakersconvenientlyconveyinformationasmuchaspossible.Thatistosay,applyingthecognitivesalienceprinciplemeansapplyingthelanguageeconomicalprinciple.Betweenhumansandnon-humans,thewholeandthepart,thespecificandabstract,andvisibleandinvisible,theformerismoresalientthanthelater.Sometonymycanmakelanguageseasilyunderstood.Besidesthemetonymyresearchcanincreasethedeepunderstandingofhumans.Metonymyisanunconsciouslycognitiveprocessandanimportantmeansofenrichinglanguages.Whenonecognitivemethodhasshortcomings,wecanuseanothermethodtosupply.Andmetonymyhasplayedthiskindofroletoaddlexicalgap.What’smore,metonymyprovidesaveryusefulmethodforustomemorizewords.Whenwehavememorizedoneword,wemaymemorizemorerelatedwordsaccordingtometonymy.Forexamplewhenwememorizethewordhead,wemaymemorizetherelatedwordhairorhairstyleetc.

Thispassageinterpretstheword-meaningchangefromacognitiveperspectiveofmetonymyanditprovesthatcognitivemetonymytheorycanaccountmuchforword-meaningchange.Thisthesisconsistsofthreechapters;

thefirstchapterisaboutwhatmetonymyiswhichincludestraditionalmetonymyconcept,cognitivenatureofmetonymyandclassificationofcognitivemetonymy.Thesecondchapterisabouttheexternalandinternalcausesofword-meaningchange.Thethirdchapterisaboutthemetonymyeffectsonwordmeaningchangeelaboratedfromthreerespects:

metonymy’seffectsonword-meaningextensionornarrowing,onword-meaningelevationordegradation,andonword-meaningtransference.

Chapter1WhatIsMetonymy

Metonymyisnotjustafigureofspeech;

itplacesasignificantroleinhumancognitionasawayofthinking.Inordertoletusknowmoreaboutmetonymytheory,weintroducethischapterandfocusourdiscussionontraditionalmetonymyconcept,metonymynatureandclassification,andmetonymycognitivemechanism.

1.1TraditionalMetonymyConcept

ThewordmetonymywasderivedfromGeekmetonymiawhichmeanschangeofname.InAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,metonymyreferstotheactofreferringtosomethingbythenameofsomethingelsethatiscloselyconnectedwithit.ThetraditionalmetonymyconceptregardsmetonymyasakindofsubstitutionrelationswhichcanbeformalizedasXSTANDFORY.TheearliestmetonymyconceptwasderivedfromthebookRhetoricandExplanation.Itindicatesthatmetonymyisakindofrhetoricaldeviceanditobtainslanguagefromneighboringandcloselylinkedthings.Thenwecanunderstandthewordsnottobenamedthroughtheformoflanguage.Fromthisdefinition,wecanseethatthetraditionalconceptofmetonymyisbasedontheconceptofcontiguity.TheconceptofcontiguityisalsoreflectedinRoudet’sdefinitionofmetonymy,inwhichhepointsoutthatmetonymyiscausedbyanassociationbasedonaconceptualadjacencyandanycontactormetonymychangesofthiscategory.（ZhangHui&

SunMingzhi2005:

15）.Thereareninetypesofcontiguity-relationsinmetonymyaccordingtoF.UngererandH.J.Schmidt:

1）artforwhole,2）wholeforpart,3）containerforcontent,4）materialforobject,5）producerforproduct,6）placeforinstitution,7）placeforevent,8）controlledforcontrollerand9）causeforeffect.（Ungerer&

Schmid1996:

121）

However,withthedeepeningofstudyandtheprosperityofcognitivelinguistics,itisfoundthatthenatureofmetonymyisnotjustafigureofspeechbutacognitivetool.Nextwewillintroducecognitivenatureofmetonymy.

1.2CognitiveNatureofMetonymy

Incognitivedomain,metonymyisacognitivephenomenon,ameansofextendingtheresourcesofalanguage.Metonymyisnotonlythenaturalrelationbetweenexperiencestructureandlanguagestructureofhumanbeings,butalsotheresultsofco-developmentbetweencognitivethinkingandlanguageexpressionofhumans.Whenpeopleobserve,understandandinterpretobjectivethingswhichenterintopeople’smind,theyalwaysreasonandassociateaccordingtotheirownknowledgeandexperience.Thentheypickupapartamongconceptualcategoryfrommindandmapthispartontothingsfromoutsideworldsothatanimagecomesintobeing.Thenatureofmetonymybasedonimage-schemaandcontiguityrelationsusethesalientpartstoactivatethemetonymyobjectandthenusethepartofsalienceandimportancetosubstitutethewholeortheotherpartorusethewholetosubstitutestheparts.Forexample“therearealotofprettyfacesinthestreet”Inthissentence,metonymyinvolvestwocategories:

“faces”and“people”.“Faces”isthesourcecategoryand“people”isthetargetcategory.Metonymyinthesentenceistheresultachievedbymappingthesourcecategory“faces”ontothetargetcategory“people”.Thereasonwhyfacescanbecomethesourcecategoryisthatthefaceisimportanttopeople.Itreflectsthesalientprincipleofcognition.Asacognitiveprocess,metonymyisdefinedasthevehiclewhichprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetinthesamedomain.Metonymyinthecognitiveliteratureismodeledasidealizedcognitivemodels（ICMs）byLakoff,conceptualmappingbyRadden&

Kovecses,domainhighlightingbyCroft,combinationsofmappingsandhighlightingbyRuizdeMendoza,scenariosbyPanther&

Thornburgandmoregenerallyasreference-pointactivationbyLangackerandBarcelona.（HuZhuang-lin,2001:

132）

Cognitiv