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Cyberspace

InterfaceDesign

EricVanHensbergen

（airwick@nick.csh.rit.edu）

January30,1993

ComputerScienceHouse

CPU861

25AndrewsMemorialDrive

Rochester,NewYork14623

716-475-3305

cshouse@nick.csh.rit.edu

RochesterInstituteofTechnology

OneLombMemorialDrive

Rochester,NY14623

（716）475-2400

ABSTRACT

VirtualRealityasaconceptessentiallydealswithconvincingtheparticipantthat

she/heisactuallyinanotherplace,byreplacingthenormalsensoryinputreceivedbytheparticipantwithinformationproducedbyacomputer.Cyberspace,avisualizationofthecomputerenvironment,isapracticalapplicationofVirtualReality,providinga

morenaturalinterfacebetweentheuserandthecomputer.

Designingvirtualworldsisachallengingdeparturefromtraditional"

interface"

design.ThisdocumentcontainsinformationonthebasicconceptsbehindCyberspace

visualizationandinteractiontechniques.

1.Introduction:

DefiningInterface&

Cyberspace:

Anewuniverse,aparalleluniversecreatedandsustainedbytheworld’scomputersandcommunicationlines.Aworldinwhichtheglobaltrafficofknowledge,secrets,measurements,indicators,entertainments,andalter-humanagencytakesonform:

sights,sounds,presencesneverseenonthesurfaceofearthblossominginavastelectronicnight.

Cyberspaceisaconsensualhallucinationthatthesepeoplehavecreated.It’slike,withthisequipment,youcanagreetosharethesamehallucinations.Ineffect,they’recreatingaworld.It’snotreallyaplace,itsnotreallyspace.It’snotionalspace.

Cyberspacerepresentsoneofthemostpotentandimpressivevisualizationtoolsevercreated.

Now,entireuniverses,whethertheybeofourdesignorothers,notonlylayatourfingertips,butsurroundandenvelopusaswell.Itrepresentsthenextgenerationintheevolutionofthehuman-computerinterfacemedium.

Virtualrealityallowsamorenaturalizedinterfacewiththecomputer,thatgoesfarbeyondtheGraphicsUserInterface（GUI）,point&

clickwindowenvironmentsthataresopopularnow.Withvirtualreality,theuserissurroundedbyhisenvironment,andaninterfacecanbeestablishednotthroughtheconventionalkeyboardormouse,butthroughmorecomplextrackingsystemsthatkeeprecordofhandandheadorientation.

TheconceptoftheVirtualRealityterminalwasintroducedbyGibson,alongwithhisconceptofCyberspace.TheprogressionofdistributedsystemaccesshasprogressedfromthetextterminaltotheXwindowworkstation,andVirtualRealityisthenextstepininteractiveaccesstomulti-usercomputersystems.

AstheevolutionfromthetextterminaltotheXworkstationbroughtaboutadvancementinbothvisualizationandproblemsolving,thegiantleapintoCyberspacewillradicallytransformthewayweinteractwithcomputers.Thetransformationofdataintogeometricrepresentationswillallowustoviewcomplexsystemsassimplifiedshapesfromafar,orasacomplexmatrixofnetworkedmodulesfromaninteriorview.

Thepossibilitiesthatcyberspacerepresentscannotevenbegintorevealthemselvesuntilthefirstprototypesystemshavebeenimplemented.Itissuchannewconcept,onewhichrepresentsawholenewmediumofexistence,thatwehavenoframeofreferencetomakepredictionsonitsusefulness.

Aninterfaceisasurfaceformingaboundarybetweentworegions.VirtualRealityallowstheusertobreakthroughtheinterfacebarriertointeractdirectlywithvariousinformationformsinaninclusiveenvironment.

2.DesignConsiderations

Sincevirtualrealitytranscendsthetwodimensionalexistencewehavebeenforcedintothroughtheuseofconvensionalcomputermonitors,italsomakesmosttraditionaltheoriesofinterfacedesignobsolete.Operatingwithinaninclusivethreedimensionalenvironmentrequiresspecialphysicalandpsychologicalconsiderations.

Animportantdesignconsiderationstemmingfrominclusionisthatwhileweinteractwithinavirtualworld,wearesimutaneouslyinhabitingthephysicalworld.Peoplearefunctionallyattunedtotheearth’sgravityandtoverticalposition.Perceptualconflictsbetweenthevirtualandphysicalworldscausephysicaldiscomfortandfeelingsofdisorientationthatcanlastwellbeyondtheperiodofinclusion.

Inordertoovercomethesenaturalconflictsitbecomesnecessarytointroduceseveraltypesofreferencepoints.Themostcommonsofaristhe"

extendedgroundplane"

whichformsanartificialhorizontobeusedinordertogainpersonalorientation.However,thiscausesconflictswithinformationfromtheinnerear.

Anotherpersonalpointofrefrencewouldbevirtualbodyparts（ie.thevirtualhand）.Selfrepresentationshaveproventobeoneofthemostengagingpartsoftheprimativevirtualrealitiesthatexisttoday.Thevirtualhandprovidesafocuspoint,removingsensesofvertigoanddisorientation.

Systemperformanceplaysapartindesignconsiderations.Aslowsystemornetworkcancausedizziness;

thelagisespeciallynoticeablewhentrackingsystemsarepartoftheenvironment.Forexample,alagbetweenwhenyouturnyourheadandwhenthescreenupdatesisquitedisturbing.

AnotherpossibilitywhichisintroducedwithCyberspaceissensoryoverload.Individuallearningandpreformancestylesdiffergreatly,andwithoutpropercalibrationan"

immersive"

experiencecanbeconfusingandevendisturbing.

AccordingtoBricken,therearefourgeneralcategoriesofVRbehaviorthathavetobeconsideredwhendesigningtheinterface:

•Relocation-simplemovement

•Manipulation-modificationofenvironment

•Construction-creationofenvironment

•Navigation-longrangelocationandmovement

Inordertobeimmersivetherecanbenomenubar,nolistoficons.Withoutthekeyboardthereisno"

hot-keys"

.Alltraditionalmethodsofinterfacearenotpossibleinsidethevirutalworld.Newmethodsofinteractionfortheabovefourcatagoriesmustbedesigned-thatisthechallengeofcyberspaceinterfacedesign.

3.ProcessVisualization

3.1.SurfaceActivation

MostcurrentviewsofCyberspaceseemtopointtowardsapolygon-basedenvironment.Therefore,inordertokeeptheexperienceimmersive,nomenuscan"

magically"

pop-up.Instead,thepolygonsthemselvesmustbeusedasaninterfacemethod.Sinceasingleshapemayhavemorethanonefunction,itisthereforelogicaltoassignfunctionactivationtothesurfacesoftheobject.

Eachsurfacethen,hastocheckforcollision,andthendecidehowtoreactasanotherobjectapproachesit.Thiscouldmeanthatwhileyou’reevaluatingacertainbutton,itwouldalsobeevaluatingyou.Tomaketheinterfacemorefriendly,surfacescould"

announce"

（throughtextmessagesorperhapsdigitizedsound）whattheirfunctionis.Italsofollows,thatthesurfacewould"

highlight"

itselfinordertoindicatetotheuserthatitisabouttobeactivated,orhasbeenactivated.

Forexample,pictureatexteditorasabox.Toeditthefilewithinityouwouldapproachthetop,tocheckthespellingyouwouldapproachanotherside,todeleteit-yetanotherside.Thismayseemabitcryptic,butwithappropriatelabeling（eithergraphic,sound,ortext）itwouldbefareasierthancurrentinterfacemethods.

Surfacescouldhaveavarietyoffunctions-fromsendingafileoractivatingaprocess,toteleportingtheusertoanothernetwork.Certainsurfaceswouldhavetobe’solid’,orwithoutanytypeoffunctionality,inordertoallowobjectmanipulation.Aprimaryfactorinhowanobjectphysicallyappearedwouldthenbebaseduponthefunctionalityofitssurfaces-thiscouldbeimportantasadistinguishingfactorbetweenobjects.

3.2.Connections&

Ports

Thecomputerworldismovingmoretowardsnetworkenvironments,notjustexternally,butinternally.Internalnetworkconnections（ie.anetworkofprocessesonacomputerconnectedbyintracomputerpipes&

sockets）areanintegralpartofmanyunix-basedworkstationenvironments.Virtualrealityisperfectfordesign,representation,andinteractionwiththeseinternalconnections.

Consideranotherfunctionforthesurfaceofapolygon.Insteadofreactingtoauser’sapproach,whatifyoucouldhookanetwork"

pipe"

uptoaportonthesurface.Then,astreamofdata,fromsomeotherobject,couldbetransmittedtotheobjectthroughthepipeandsocket.Theconnecting"

pipes"

couldbeattatchedanddetatchedtodifferentobjectsatthewhimoftheuser.Withalittlethought,design,andprogramming,aneural-netcouldbecreatedwithinthevirtualenvironmentwitheachneuronbeinganobject,andeachneural-connectionbeingapipe.

3.3.AutonomousEntities

Anotheraspectofavirtualenvironmentanditsinterfacewouldbevirtualentities,andourinteractionswiththem.Certainsystemutilties（daemons）willnodoubttakeformwithintheelectronicvoidofCyberspace.Thesedaemonswillhavespecialinterfacerequirements,seemingmorelikeconversationsthancommands.Theirfullknowledgeofboththesystemandvirtualenvironmentsmakethemquiteacomplexinterfacepuzzle.

4.DataRepresentation

Whereinteractingwithstaticdataiseasierthanactiveprocesses,staticdatarequiresamoreacuraterepresentationoftheactualcontent.Whetherindexdesignwillmimicreality,orusetheadvantagesofVRtoevolveisyettobeseen.DesignsforVRcard-catalogsarebeingdesignedatthesametimeascomplexmulti-dimensionalhyperstacks.

Howtocataloginformationforeasyretrievalhasalwaysbeenaninterfaceproblem.Usingvirtualfilecabinetsorspiralstaircasesthatextendintoinfinitydoesnotseemveryinnovative.