职称英语考试《卫生类》历年真题精选及答案05146Word文件下载.docx
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disprove意为“反驳”,例如:
It?
is?
nearly?
impossible?
to?
disprove?
a?
rumor.(要辟谣几乎是不可能的。
)dispute意为“辩论,怀疑”,例如:
We?
disputed?
with?
each?
other?
onvarious?
issues.(我们为各种问题互相争论。
)support意为“支持,扶持”,例如:
I?
will?
always?
support?
you?
whatever?
do.(不论你做什么,我都会支持你。
)
2、Cancer
Cancerisagroupofmanyrelateddiseasesthatbeginincells,thebody'
sbasicbuildingblocks.Thebodyismadeupofmanytypesofcells.Normallycellsgrowanddividetoproducemorecellsastheyareneededtokeepthebodyhealthy.Sometimes,thisorderlyprocessgoeswrong.Newcellsformwhenthebodydoesnotneedthem,andoldcellsdonotdiewhentheyshould.Theextracellsformamassoftissuecalledagrowthortumor.Benign(良性的)tumorsarenotcancer.Theycanoftenberemovedand,inmostcases,theydonotcomeback.Malignant(恶性的)tumorsarecancer.Cellsinmalignanttumorsareabnormalanddividewithoutcontrolororder.
Scientistshavelearnedthatcanceriscausedbychangesingenesthatnormallycontrolthegrowthanddeathofcells.Certainlifestyleandenvironmentalfactorscanchangesomenormalgenesintogenesthatallowthegrowthofcancer.Manygenechangesthatleadtocanceraretheresultoftobaccouse,diet,exposuretoultravioletradiationfromthesun,orexposuretocarcinogens(致癌物)intheworkplaceorintheenvironment.Somegenealterationsareinherited.
Cancertreatmentcanincludesurgery,radiationtherapy,chemotherapy(化疗),hormonetherapy,andbiologicaltherapy.Thedoctormayuseonemethodoracombinationofmethods,dependingonthetypeandlocationofthecancer,whetherthediseasehasspread,thepatient'
sageandgeneralhealth,andotherfactors.Becausetreatmentforcancercanalsodamagehealthycellsandtissues,itoftencausessideeffects.Patientsanddoctorsgenerallydiscussthetreatmentoptions,weighingthelikelybenefitsofkillingcancercellsandtherisksofpossiblesideeffects.
Havingcancerdoesnotalwaysmeanhavingpain.Whetherapatienthaspainmaydependonthetypeofcancer,theextentofthedisease,andthepatient'
stoleranceforpain.Mostpainoccurswhenthecancergrowsandpressesagainstbones,organs,ornerves.Painmayalsobeasideeffectoftreatment.However,paincangenerallyberelievedorreducedwithprescriptionmedicinesorover-the-counterdrugsrecommendedbythedoctor.
Paragraph1____.
【单选题】
A.Doescanceralwayscausepain
B.Cancancerbeprevented
C.Whatiscancer
D.Howcommoniscancer
E.Whatcausescancer
F.Howiscancertreated
C
第一段没有主题句,该段主要介绍了癌症是由控制细胞生长增殖机制失常而引起的疾病,本段对癌症进行了简单的界定。
显然,该段回答了C选项“Whatiscancer?
”所提问题,故C为正确答案。
3、Almosteveryoneatthemeetinghasdifferentviews.【单选题】
A.Scenery
B.sight
C.understanding
D.opinion
D
view在此句中和opinion意思相同,表示“意见、看法、主张”;
scenery:
风景、景色;
sight:
视力、视线范围、眼界;
understanding:
理解、谅解。
4、BlastsfromthePast
1Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebigger,butbecausethecarbontheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.
2PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimals,butallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300.millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprise,theolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswere,themoredamagetheyseemedtodo.
3Wignallcalculatedthe"
killingefficiency"
forthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsize,oldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.
4ThePermianextinction,forexample,whichhappened250millionyearsago,ismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockin.SiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope,Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide,Theglobalwarmingthatfollowedwipedout8percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime,andittook5millionyearsfartireplanettorecover.
5Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobal-warmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears,"
Themostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatall,"
Wignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous,65millionyearsago,becausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.
6WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofC02Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceans,increasingtheamountofC02absorbedfromtheatmosphere.
7VincentCourtillot,directoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrance,saysthatWignall'
sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheyfasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.
8Courtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproduced,andthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxideemissions.
Paragraph4____
A.KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptions
B.AssociationofMassExtinctionwithVolcanicEruption
C.CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions
D.AMassExtinction
E.VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinction
F.ccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions
Amassextinction意为“一次大量的生物灭绝”。
文章的第一句话是这么说的:
Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory.火山在远古更具毁灭性。
这是文章的基本论点或基本假设。
假设是需要证明的。
第二、三段其实都是在证明这一基本假设。
第三段还有这样一句话:
oldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecantrivals.这个命题虽然可用来支持文章的基本假设,但是它本身也需要证明。
第四段讲的是二叠纪生物灭绝,这是发生在远古的大规模的生物灭绝。
这是一个证据,因此D是正确的。
5、SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens
Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettesto"
self-medicate"
againsttheblues,scientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactuallyincreasedepressivesymptomsinsometeens.
"
Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceivedemotionalbenefitsofsmokingamongteens,"
saysleadresearcherMichaelChaiton,aresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto."
Althoughcigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemood,inthelongtermwefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms."
Aspartofthestudy,some662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettestoaffectmood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipants,urbanandruralschools,andschoolslocatedinhigh,moderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods.Participantsweredividedintothreegroups:
neversmokers;
smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicate,improvemoodorphysicalstate;
smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowfelttoofiredtodothings:
hadtroublegoingtosleeporstayingasleep;
feltunhappy,sad,ordepressed;
felthopelessaboutthefuture;
feltvexed,antsyortense;
andworriedtoomuchaboutthings.
Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmoodimprovershadhigherrisksofelevateddepressivesymptomsthanteenswhohadneversmoked,"
saysco-researcherJenniferO'
Loughlin,aprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine."
Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingareathigherriskof____depressivesymptoms."
Theassociationbetweendepressionandsmokingexistsprincipallyamongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter."
It'
simportanttoemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmoke,"
saysDr.Chaiton.
A.changing
B.identifying
C.developing
D.overcoming
本句又重复了上题所表达的意思。
只有developing的意义才符合上下文,因此是答案。
6、Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.【单选题】
A.faithful
B.royal
C.sincere
D.genuine
很多人都认为这些油画是真品。
本题难度不大,考察的是单词的基础含义,干扰项干扰不强,authentic“真的,可靠的”,和genuine“真的,非伪造的”是同义词,sincere指“真诚”,最佳答案是D。
7、Cancer
1.Cancerisagroupofmanyrelateddiseasesthatbeginincells,thebody'
sbasicbuildingblocks.Thebodyismadeupofmanytypesofcells.Normally,cellsgrowanddividetoproducemorecellsastheyareneededtokeepthebodyhealthy.Sometimes,thisorderlyprocessgoeswrong.Newcellsformwhenthebodydoesnotneedthem,andoldcellsdonotdiewhentheyshould.Theextracellsformamassoftissuecalledagrowthortumor(肿瘤).Benign(良性的)tumorsarenotcancer.Theycanoftenberemovedand,inmostcases,theydonotcomeback.Malignant(恶性的)tumorsarecancer.Cellsinmalignanttumorsareabnormalanddividewithoutcontrolororder.
2.Scientistshavelearnedthatcanceriscausedbychangesingenesthatnormallycontrolthegrowthanddeathofcells.Certainlifestyleandenvironmentalfactorscanchangesomenormalgenesintogenesthatallowthegrowthofcancer.Manygenechangesthatl