Advantages of public transportannotationWord格式文档下载.docx

Advantages of public transportannotationWord格式文档下载.docx

《Advantages of public transportannotationWord格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Advantages of public transportannotationWord格式文档下载.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

托福

提交日期

1

年

8

月

日

雅思

GRE/GMAT

题

型

01Y/N/NG

选

材

作者

题目

来源

“AdvantagesofPublicTransport”

02选择题

√

03分类题

04句子插入

05配对题

篇

幅

950words

06图表题

07简答题

题材

关键词

社会

Publictransport,cars,efficient,rail,objection,density,cities

Advantagesofpublictransport 

1AnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversity'

sInstituteforScienceandTechnologyPolicy（ISTP）hasdemonstratedthatpublictransportismoreefficientthancars.Thestudycomparedtheproportionofwealthpouredintotransportbythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheworld.Thisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,maintainingandusingatransportsystem.

　2ThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisagoodexampleofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,17%ofitswealthwentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities,ontheotherhand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman,ISTPDirector,pointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputthedifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabetterplacetolive.

3AccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityofMelbourneisaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitastwocities:

'

AEuropeancitysurroundedbyacar-dependentone'

.Melbourne'

slargetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower,buttheoutersuburbshavethesamecar-basedstructureasmostotherAustraliancities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnersuburbsofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'

spreferencesastowheretheylive.

　4　Newmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringpublictransportissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonthebasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsratherthaneconomics.Newman,however,believesthestudydemonstratesthat'

theauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateineconomicaswellasenvironmentalterms'

.

　5　BicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthatthetwomost'

bicyclefriendly'

citiesconsidered-AmsterdamandCopenhagen-wereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystemswere'

reasonablebutnotspecial'

　6　Itiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejectthemodelsofcitieswithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotworkintheirparticularcity.Oneobjectionisclimate.Somepeoplesaytheircitycouldnotmakemoreuseofpublictransportbecauseitiseithertoohotortoocold.Newmanrejectsthis,pointingoutthatpublictransporthasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hehascheckedtheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'

zerocorrelation'

　7　Whenitcomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesareonstrongerground.Forexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityashillyasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However,hepointsoutthatbothHongKongandZü

richhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirrailsystems,heavyandlightrespectively,thoughtherearefewcitiesintheworldashilly.

　8　A 

Infact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesortoftransportoveranotherispolitics:

Themoredemocratictheprocess,themorepublictransportisfavored.'

HeconsidersPortland,Oregon,aperfectexampleofthis.Someyearsago,federalmoneywasgrantedtobuildanewroad.However,localpressuregroupsforcedareferendumoverwhethertospendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandtherailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed,moreandmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingthenatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthesamepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityatthetime.

　9　B 

IntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixcenturies,withpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethanhalfanhourtravellingtowork.Trainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopletoliveatgreaterdistanceswithouttakinglongertoreachtheirdestination.However,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbansprawl,causingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesfarhigher.

　10　C 

Thereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragespeopletolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheexampleofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthantheirAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcaruse.InStockholm,carusehasactuallyfalleninrecentyearsasthecityhasbecomelargerandwealthier.Anewstudymakesthispointevenmorestarkly.DevelopingcitiesinAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreuseofthecarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Incitiesthatdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentBankdiscouragedthebuildingofpublictransportandpeoplehavebeenforcedtorelyoncars--creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizethosecities.

　11　D 

NewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltforcarsmightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagereport,whichusedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingeveryoneintothecitycentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,theproposaladvocatedthecreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites,mostlyaroundrailwaystations.

　12　E 

Itwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldleadtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedintocities.However,theISTPteam'

sresearchdemonstratesthatthepopulationandjobdensityofcitiesroseorremainedconstantinthe1980safterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatitisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'

Thenewworldwilllargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativityflourisheswherepeoplecometogetherface-to-face.'

I.SurveyingtheText:

1.Skimthroughthepassageanddecidethemainidea.

Publictransportismoreefficientthancars.

2.Locatinginformation:

Whichparagraph（s）contain（s）thefollowinginformation?

Q1:

objection（s）topublictransportdevelopment

Paragraph6,7

Q2:

ThesharpcontrastbetweentheinnercityandoutersuburbsofMelbourne

Paragraph3

3.Therearefivemarkedparagraphs,A-E.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.　　

ListofHeadings

iAvoidinganovercrowdedcentre

iiAsuccessfulexerciseinpeoplepower

iiiThebenefitsofworkingtogetherincities

ivHigherincomesneednotmeanmorecars

vEconomicargumentsfailtopersuade

viTheimpactoftelecommunicationsonpopulationdistribution

viiIncreasesintravellingtime

viiiRespondingtoargumentsagainstpublictransport

1 

ParagraphAii

　　2 

ParagraphBvii

　　3 

ParagraphCiv

　　4 

ParagraphDi

　　5 

ParagraphEiii

II.Intensivereading:

1.WhatisthefunctionofPara.1andthefirstsentenceofPara.1?

PossibleAnswer:

Tointroducethetopicwithanewstudy.Thefirstsentenceisthethesisstatementofthepassage.

2.Doesthethesisstatementmentionbothsidesoftheissue,ordoesitgivethewriter'

spointofviewonly?

Theauthorpresentshisownpointofviewbysummarizingtheresultofanewresearch.

3.WhatisthefunctionofPara.2and3?

Examplestosupportthethesisstatement.

4.WhatisthefunctionofPara.4?

Itservesasasummaryoftheprevious3paragraphsandrestatethethesisstatement.

5.WhatisthefunctionofPara.5?

Supportthethesisfromanotherperspective—bicycle-friendlycitiesarealsoefficient.

6.Howmanyopposingargumentsaregiven?

Wherearetheygiven?

4.para.6,7,9,10.Newmanrejectthis/however/refute

7.Wheredoesthewriterrebuttheopposingarguments--inoneparagraphorinseparateparagraphs?

Findoutthetransitionsignalwordwhichindicateswheretheauthor’srebuttalbegins.

Inoneparagraph.Newmanrejectthis/however/refute

8.Howdidtheauthorrebuttheopposingargument?

BysummarizingNewman’sideaandpresentingsomefacts.

9.Whatisthefunctionofthelastparagraphandwhatcanweinferfromit?

Theauthorwantstopointoutthatthedevelopmentofcitiesisaninevitabletrend.Asresult,wecaninferthatbuildingpublictransportiscrucial.

AboutStyle

Doestheauthorsoundcautiousorassertive?

Why?

Althoughtheauthorisactuallyexpressinghisownopinionallthetime,hestillsoundsobjective,forheseldomusesphraseslike“Ithink”,“inmyopinion”and“Ibelieve”.Instead,heusesalotof“Newmanbelieves”,“Newmanpointsout…”,“Newmannotesthat…”,“theresearchdemonstratesthat…”etc.

Findoutthehedgingwordsusedinthisessay.

I.Textstructureandtextsummary:

Thisisanargumentativepassagethattriestoprovepublictransportismoreefficientthancars.Thepassagebeginswithanewstudythatconcludespublictransportismoreefficientthancars.Thentheauthorlistedsomecitiesasexamplestosupportthethesis.Theauthoralsointroducessomeopposingargumentsandrebutsthemonebyone.Thepassageconcludesbyproposingalternativewaystodevelopcitiesandtheimportanceofdevelopingpublictransport.

II.Wordsandphrases:

Thelanguageisformalandacademic.

III.CulturalItems/Technologicalterms:

WorldBank,innercity,outer-suburbs,car-basedstructure,correlation,lightrail,referendum,populationdensity,infrastructure

IV.Overalldifficultylevel（intermsofvoca