全球化的英文Word格式文档下载.docx

全球化的英文Word格式文档下载.docx

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manyways.It'

simportantthatmanufacturers,intheireffortstoovercomethechallengesofglobalization,donotoverlookthepotentialbenefitsitprovides.

Ofparticularvaluetomanufacturers,theshifttoaworldmarkethasdramaticallyincreasedtheavailablepoolofdataonmachiningprocesses.TheadventoftheInternet

andnearlycontinuousbreakthroughsincommunicationstechnologyallowthesharingofexpertiseonunprecedentedlevels.Forinstance,aproductionfacilityintheMid

USmightbenefitgreatlybycomparingitsprocessestothoseofaEuropeanshopthattakesadifferentapproachtomanufacturingsimilarparts.Twentyyearsago,therewasaminisculechanceofthatpotentiallyusefulinformationmakingitswayhalfwayaroundtheglobe.Today,it'

smucheasierforAmericanmanufacturerstolearnfromcolleaguesinotherpartsoftheworld.

Tobesttakeadvantageofthepositiveaspectsofaworldmarket,companieswithaninternationalpresencemustshouldertheresponsibilityofefficientlyacquiringanddisseminatingknowledgethatwillprovidetangiblebenefitstotheircustomers.Onasmallerscale,thisideaholdstrueforanymanufactureroperatingmultipiefacilities,regardlessoftheirgeographicproximity.Ifoneplantatacompanydiscoversatangibleproductivityimprovement,commonsensedictatesthatthecompanyshouldconveythatimproveirienttoitsotherplants,andimplementitinthoseplants.Adoptionofthisphilosophyataninternationallevelcanbecomplicated,butthebasicprincipleremainsthesame.

Establishingauniformidentityacrossnationalbordersisakeyaspecttobuildingthemostbeneficialdatabaseofknowledgepossible.Traditionally,thenationalsubsidiariesofamultinationalcompanytendtoactasbusinessesindependentofeachother.Tofacilitatethefreeflowofinformation,it'

simportantthattheseentitiesshareandunderstandcommongoals,procedures,andphilosophies.Thisallowsfavorablepracticesdiscoveredatonelocationtoprovidethemaximumbenefittotheentiregroup.Inadditiontoimprovingtheefficiencyofinternaloperations,thisapproachalsoservestoimprovetheproductsandservicesreceivedbycustomers,regardlessoftheirgeographiclocation.

Cultivatingauniformcorporatephilosophyisatime-consumingandchallengingprocessfor?

companiesdoingbusinessonagloballevel.Itinevitablyrequireschangestoindividuals'

mindsets.

Maximizingsuccessinachievingauniformidentityrequiresclearandconsistentcommunicationtoemployees,partners,andcustomers.Thegoalsandvaluesofthemanufacturershouldbecarefullyevaluated,ideallythroughaprocessthatwelcomesandimplementsfeedbackfromallinvolvedparties.Bywelcominginputfromthosecontributingtothecompany'

soverallsuccess,ahighlevelofcommitmentisachievedfromthebeginning.Oncethesegoalsandvalueshavebeendefined,theatmosphereoftheworkplaceshouldreinforcetheirimplementation,andemployeesuccessshouldberecognizedandrewarded.Totalimplementationwillbeaprocess,notaninstantaneousaction.

Inadditiontochangingthemindsetofemployees,multinationalcompaniesmustestablishacoherentandefficientframeworkforsharinginformationacrossnationalborders.Ifinformationsharingispursuedhaphazardly,avarietyofissuescanarise,resultinginaconfusing,jumbledcollectionofdata.Clearlydefinedprocedures,accompaniedbyatestedandprovensystemfordata-sharing,helptoensurethatacompanyeffectivelysharesexperiencesthathavethepotentialtobenefititsnationaldivisions,customers,andthemarketasawhole.

Toooften,manufacturingprofessionalstalkonlyofthenegativeeffectsofglobalization.Whiletechnologicalbreakthroughsincommunicationandtransportationhaveincreasedcompetitionformostcompanies,theyhavealsocreatedthepotentialforsubstantialbenefitsthroughcontinuousimprovement.Bycapitalizingonthewealthofinformationnowreadilyavailable,manufacturerscanexperiencetheupsideofaglobalmarketplace.

Globalizationhasbroughtlittlebutgoodnewstothosewiththeproducts,skills,andresourcestomarketworldwide.Butdoesitalsoworkfortheworld'

spoor?

Thatisthecentralquestionaroundwhichthedebateoverglobalization—inessence,freetradeandfreeflowsofcapital—revolves.AntiglobalizationprotestersmayhavehadonlylimitedsuccessinblockingworldtradenegotiationsordisruptingthemeetingsoftheInternationalMonetaryFund（IMF）,buttheyhaveirrevocablyalteredthetermsofthedebate.Povertyisnowthedefiningissueforbothsides.Thecaptainsoftheworldeconomyhaveconcededthatprogressininternationaltradeandfinancehastobemeasuredagainsttheyardsticksofpovertyalleviationandsustainabledevelopment.

Formostoftheworld'

sdevelopingcountries,the1990swereadecadeoffrustrationanddisappointment.Theeconomiesofsub-SaharanAfrica,withfewexceptions,stubbornlyrefusedtorespondtothemedicinemetedoutbytheWorldBankandtheIMF.LatinAmericancountrieswerebuffetedbyanever-endingseriesofboom-and-bustcyclesincapitalmarketsandexperiencedgrowthratessignificantlybelowtheirhistoricalaverages.Mostoftheformersocialisteconomiesendedthedecadeatlowerlevelsofper-capitaincomethantheystartedit—andevenintheraresuccesses,suchasPoland,povertyratesremainedhigherthanundercommunism.EastAsianeconomiessuchasSouthKorea,Thailand,andMalaysia,whichhadbeenhailedpreviouslyas"

miracles,"

weredealtahumiliatingblowinthefinancialcrisisof1997.Thatthiswasalsothedecadeinwhichglobalizationcameintofullswingismorethanaminorinconvenienceforitsadvocates.Ifglobalizationissuchaboonforpoorcountries,whysomanysetbacks?

Globalizersdeploytwocounter-argumentsagainstsuchcomplaints.Oneisthatglobalpovertyhasactuallydecreased.Thereasonissimple:

whilemostcountrieshaveseenlowerincomegrowth,theworld'

stwolargestcountries,ChinaandIndia,havehadtheoppositeexperience.（Economicgrowthtendstobehighlycorrelatedwithpovertyreduction.）China'

sgrowthsincethelate1970s—averagingalmost8percentperannumpercapita—hasbeennothingshortofspectacular.India'

sperformancehasnotbeenasextraordinary,butthecountry'

sgrowthratehasmorethandoubledsincetheearly1980s—from1.5percentpercapitato3.7percent.Thesetwocountrieshousemorethanhalfoftheworld'

spoor,andtheirexperienceisperhapsenoughtodispelthecollectivedoomelsewhere.

Thesecondcounter-argumentisthatitispreciselythosecountriesthathaveexperiencedthegreatestintegrationwiththeworldeconomythathavemanagedtogrowfastestandreducepovertythemost.Atypicalexerciseinthisveinconsistsofdividingdevelopingcountriesintotwogroupsonthebasisoftheincreaseintheirtrade—"

globalizers"

versus"

non-globalizers"

—andtoshowthatthefirstgroupdidmuchbetterthanthesecond.Heretoo,China,India,andafewotherhighperformerslikeVietnamandUgandaarethekeyexhibitsforthepro-globalizationargument.Theintendedmessagefromsuchstudiesisthatcountriesthathavethebestshotatliftingthemselvesoutofpovertyarethosethatopenthemselvesuptotheworldeconomy.

Howwereadglobalization'

srecordinalleviatingpovertyhingescritically,therefore,onwhatwemakeoftheexperienceofasmallnumberofcountriesthathavedonewellinthelastdecadeortwo—Chinainparticular.In1960,theaverageChineseexpectedtoliveonly36years.By1999,lifeexpectancyhadrisento70years,notfarbelowtheleveloftheUnitedStates.Literacyhasrisenfromlessthan50percenttomorethan80percent.Eventhougheconomicdevelopmenthasbeenuneven,withthecoastalregionsdoingmuchbetterthantheinterior,therehasbeenastrikingreductioninpovertyratesalmosteverywhere.

Whatdoesthisimpressiveexperiencetellusaboutwhatglobalizationcandoforpoorcountries?

ThereislittledoubtthatexportsandforeigninvestmenthaveplayedanimportantroleinChina'

sdevelopment.Bysellingitsproductsonworldmarkets,Chinahasbeenabletopurchasethecapitalequipmentandinputsneededforitsmodernization.Andthesurgeinforeigninvestmenthasbroughtmuch-neededmanagerialandtechnicalexpertise.TheregionsofChinathathavegrownfastestarethosethattookthegreatestadvantageofforeigntradeandinvestment.

ButlookcloserattheChineseexperience,andyoudiscoverthatitishardlyaposterchildforglobalization.China'

seconomicpolicieshaveviolatedvirtuallyeveryrulebywhichtheproselytizersofglobalizationwouldlikethegametobeplayed.Chinadidnotliberalizeitstraderegimetoanysignificantextent,anditjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）onlylastyear;

tothisday,itseconomyremainsamongthemostprotectedintheworld.Chinesecurrencymarketswerenotunifieduntil1994.Chinaresolutelyrefusedtoopenitsfinancialmarketstoforeigners,againuntilveryrecently.Moststrikingofall,Chinaachieveditstransformationwithoutadoptingprivate-propertyrights,letaloneprivatizingitsstateenterprises.China'

spolicymakerswerepracticalenoughtounderstandtherolethatprivateincentivesandmarketscouldplayinproducingresults.Buttheywerealsosmartenoughtorealizethatthesolutiontotheirproblemslayininstitutionalinnovationssuitedtot