法律英语名词解释考研复试口语文档格式.docx

法律英语名词解释考研复试口语文档格式.docx

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anditbindsfuturedecisions.Infuturecases,whenpartiesdisagreeonwhatthelawis,anidealizedmonlawcourtlookstopastprecedentialdecisionsofrelevantcourts.Ifasimilardisputehasbeenresolvedinthepast,thecourtisboundtofollowthereasoningusedinthepriordecision（thisprincipleisknownasstaredecisis）.If,however,thecourtfindsthatthecurrentdisputeisfundamentallydistinctfromallpreviouscases,itwilldecideasa"

matteroffirstimpression."

Thereafter,thenewdecisionbeesprecedent,andwillbindfuturecourtsundertheprincipleofstaredecisis.

Inpractice,monlawsystemsareconsiderablymoreplicatedthantheidealizedsystemdescribedabove.Thedecisionsofacourtarebindingonlyinaparticularjurisdiction,andevenwithinagivenjurisdiction,somecourtshavemorepowerthanothers.Forexample,inmostjurisdictions,decisionsbyappellatecourtsarebindingonlowercourtsinthesamejurisdictionandonfuturedecisionsofthesameappellatecourt,butdecisionsofnon-appellatecourtsareonlynon-bindingpersuasiveauthority.Interactionsbetweenmonlaw,constitutionallaw,statutorylawandregulatorylawalsogiverisetoconsiderableplexity.Howeverstaredecisis,theprinciplethatsimilarcasesshouldbedecidedaccordingtoconsistentprincipledrulessothattheywillreachsimilarresults,liesattheheartofallmonlawsystems.

monlawlegalsystemsareinwidespreaduse,particularlyinthosenationswhichtracetheirlegalheritagetoBritain,includingtheUnitedKingdom,mostoftheUnitedStates,andotherformercoloniesoftheBritishEmpiresuchasIndia,[2]Canada,NewZealand,AustraliaandHongKong.[3]

Injunction

Aninjunctionisanequitableremedyintheformofacourtorder,wherebyapartyisrequiredtodo,ortorefrainfromdoing,certainacts.Thepartythatfailstoadheretotheinjunctionfacescivilorcriminalpenaltiesandmayhavetopaydamagesoracceptsanctionsforfailingtofollowthecourt'

sorder.Insomecases,breachesofinjunctionsareconsideredseriouscriminaloffencesthatmeritarrestandpossibleprisonsentences.

Misrepresentation

Misrepresentationisacontractlawconcept.Itmeansafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherparty,whichhastheeffectofinducingthatpartyintothecontract.Forexample,undercertaincircumstances,falsestatementsorpromisesmadebyasellerofgoodsregardingthequalityornatureoftheproductthatthesellerhasmayconstitutemisrepresentation.Afindingofmisrepresentationallowsforaremedyofrescissionandsometimesdamagesdependingonthetypeofmisrepresentation.

Estoppel

Estoppelisalegaldoctrineatmonlaw,whereapartyisbarredfromclaimingordenyinganargumentonanequitableground.Estoppelplementstherequirementofconsiderationincontractlaw.Ingeneral,estoppelprotectsanaggrievedparty,ifthecounter-partyinducedanexpectationfromtheaggrievedparty,andtheaggrievedpartyreasonablyreliedontheexpectationandwouldsufferdetrimentiftheexpectationisnotmet.

Also,unconscionabilitybyabreachingpartyisalsosufficienttoestopthebreachingparty.

Estoppelisadefensethatpreventsarepresentorfromenforcinglegalrights,orfromrelyingonasetoffactsthatwouldgiverisetoenforceablerights（e.g.wordssaidoractionsperformed）,generallyonlyifthatenforcementorreliancewouldbeunfairtotherepresentee.Becauseitseffectistodefeatgenerallyenforceablelegalrights,thescopeoftheremedyisoftenlimited.Note,however,thatproprietaryestoppel（applicableinEnglishlandlaw）canbebothaswordandashieldandthescopeofitsremedyiswide.

Foranexampleofestoppel,considerthecaseofadebtorandacreditor.Thecreditormightunofficiallyinformthedebtorthatthecreditorforgivesthedebt.Evenifsuchforgivenessisnotformallydocumented,thecreditormaybeestoppedfromchangingitsmindandseekingtocollectthedebt,becausethatchangewouldbeunfair.Inthesameway,alandlordmightinformatenantthatrenthasbeenreduced,forexample,iftherewasconstructionoralapseinutilityservices.Ifthetenantreliesonthisnotice,thelandlordcouldbeestoppedfromcollectingthefullrent.

Estoppeliscloselyrelatedtothedoctrinesofwaiver,variation,andelectionandisappliedinmanyareasoflaw,includinginsurance,banking,employment,internationaltrade,etc.InEnglishlaw,theconceptoflegitimateexpectationintherealmofadministrativelawandjudicialreviewisestoppel'

scounterpartinpubliclaw,althoughsubtlebutimportantdifferencesexist.

ThistermappearstoefromtheFrenchestoupail（oravariation）,whichmeant"

stopperplug"

referringtoplacingahaltontheimbalanceofthesituation.Thetermisrelatedtotheverb"

estop"

whichesfromtheOldFrenchtermestopper,meaning"

stopup,impede"

.NotethesimilaritybetweentheEnglishterms"

and"

stop"

.

Caselaw

Caselaw（alsoknownasdecisionallaworjudicialprecedent）isthegeneraltermfortheprinciplesandrulesoflawsetforthinjudicialopinionsfromcourtsoflaw.[1]Caselawincorporatescourts'

decisionsfromindividualcasesandenpassescourts'

interpretationsofstatutes,constitutionalprovisions,administrativeregulationsand,insomecases,laworiginatingsolelyfromthecourts.Caselawisoftenpublishedinprintlawreportsorreporters（andincreasinglyoncourtwebsites）toestablishprecedent-rulestoapplyinfuturecourtdecisionsdealingwithsimilarsituations.

Forcountrieswithamonlawlegalsystem,suchasintheUnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,andmostofthemonwealthofNations,caselawisamajorsourceoflaw.Ingeneral,courtsinmonlawcountriestreatthedecisionsofhigherappellatecourtsasnormative-layingdownrulesthatshould,orinsomecasesmust,beusedtodecidesimilarlegaldisputes（called"

bindingprecedent"

）.IncountrieswithlegalsystemsthatfollowthecivillawtraditionderivedfromRomanlaw,however,thecourtsarenotstrictlyboundbyrulesandprinciplesfromcaselaw.

Statute

Statutelawislawmadebyparliamentseg.thecrimesact1900madebynswparliament

Astatuteisaformalwrittenenactmentofalegislativeauthoritythatgovernsacountry,state,city,orcounty.[1]Typically,statutesmandorprohibitsomething,ordeclarepolicy.ThewordisoftenusedtodistinguishlawmadebylegislativebodiesfromthejudicialdecisionsofthemonlawandtheregulationsissuedbyGovernmentagencies.[1]Statutesaresometimesreferredtoaslegislationor"

blackletterlaw"

.Asasourceoflaw,statutesareconsideredprimaryauthority（asopposedtosecondaryauthority）.

Beforeastatutebeeslawinsomecountries,itmustbeagreeduponbythehighestexecutiveinthegovernment,andfinallypublishedaspartofacode.Inmanycountries,statutesareorganizedintopicalarrangements（or"

codified"

）withinpublicationscalledcodes,suchastheUnitedStatesCode.IntheUnitedStates,statutorylawisdistinguishedfromandsubordinatetoconstitutionallaw.

Agency（law）

Agencyisanareaofmerciallawdealingwithacontractualorquasi-contractualtripartite,ornon-contractualsetofrelationshipswhenanagentisauthorizedtoactonbehalfofanother（calledthePrincipal）tocreatealegalrelationshipwithaThirdParty.[1]Succinctly,itmaybereferredtoastherelationshipbetweenaprincipalandanagentwherebytheprincipal,expresslyorimpliedly,authorizestheagenttoworkunderhiscontrolandonhisbehalf.Theagentis,thus,requiredtonegotiateonbehalfoftheprincipalorbringhimandthirdpartiesintocontractualrelationship.Thisbranchoflawseparatesandregulatestherelationshipsbetween:

∙AgentsandPrincipals;

∙AgentsandtheThirdPartieswithwhomtheydealontheirPrincipals'

behalf;

and

∙PrincipalsandtheThirdPartieswhentheAgentspurporttodealontheirbehalf.

ThemonlawprincipleinoperationisusuallyrepresentedintheLatinphrase,quifacitperalium,facitperse,i.e.theonewhoactsthroughanother,actsinhisorherowninterestsanditisaparallelconcepttovicariousliabilityandstrictliabilityinwhichonepersonisheldliableinCriminallaworTortfortheactsoromissionsofanother.

Goodfaith

Goodfaith,orinLatinbonafides（bonafidemeans"

ingoodfaith"

）,isthementalandmoralstateofhonesty,convictionastothetruthorfalsehoodofapropositionorbodyofopinion,orastotherectitudeordepravityofalineofconduct.Thisconceptisimportantinlaw,especiallyequitablematters.[1]

IncontemporaryEnglish,"

bonafides"

issometimesusedasasynonymforcredentials,background,ordocumentationofaperson'

sidentity."

Showmeyourbonafides"

canmean:

WhyshouldItrustyou（yourgoodfaithinthismatter）?

Tellmewhoyouare.Inthissense,thephraseissometimesusedinjobadvertisements,andshouldnotbeconfusedwiththebonafideoccupationalqualificationsortheemployer'

sgoodfaitheffort,asdescribedbelow.[2]

missioner

missionerisinprincipalthetitlegiventotheholderofamission,inthesenseofamandate,whetherindividuallyors