Ireland汇总文档格式.docx

Ireland汇总文档格式.docx

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Noun--Irishman,Irishwoman.Adjective--Irish.

Population（June2011）:

4,581,269.

Cities:

Capital--Dublin（pop.525,383）.Othercities--Cork（118,912）,Galway（75,414）,Limerick（56,779）,Waterford（46,747）.

Populationbreakdown:

0-14years（22%）,15-24years（12%）,25-44years（32%）,45-64years（23%）,65yearsandover（11%）.

Populationgrowthrate（2010est.）:

0.3%.

Ethnicgroups:

Irish,withEnglishminority.

Religions:

RomanCatholic86.8%;

ChurchofIreland3%;

Presbyterian0.5%;

Methodist0.25%;

Muslim1%;

Jewish0.1%;

other8.35%.

Languages:

English,Irish（Gaelic）.

Education:

Compulsoryuptoage16.Enrollmentrates--first（primary）level509,652;

second（highschoolandvocational）level356,107;

third（universityandcollege）level150,422.Literacy--99%.

Health:

Infantmortalityrate--3.71/1,000.Lifeexpectancyatbirth--male76.8years,female81.6years.

Workforce:

Services--74%,industry--21%,agriculture--5%.

Government

Type:

Parliamentaryrepublic.

Independence:

December6,1921.

Constitution:

December29,1937.

Branches:

Executive--president,headofstate;

primeminister（taoiseach--pronounced"

TEE-shuck"

）,headofgovernment.Legislative--bicameralnationalparliament（Oireachtas--pronounced"

o-ROCK-tas"

）:

HouseofRepresentatives（Dail--pronounced"

DOIL"

）andSenate（Seanad--pronounced"

SHAN-ad"

）.Judicial--SupremeCourt,CourtofCriminalAppeal,HighCourt,CircuitCourt,andDistrictCourt.

Administrativesubdivisions:

26counties,34localauthorities.

Majorpoliticalparties:

FiannaFail,FineGael,Labour,GreenParty,SinnFein（pronounced“FEE-naFall,”“FEE-naGale,”and“SHINFane”）.

Suffrage:

Universalat18.

Economy

NominalGDP（2010）:

$208.3billion.

RealGDPgrowth（2010）:

-1.6%.

NominalGDPpercapita（2010）:

$46,592.

Naturalresources:

Zinc,lead,naturalgas,barite,copper,gypsum,limestone,dolomite,peat.

Agriculture（2%ofGDP）:

Products--cattle,meat,anddairyproducts;

barley;

hay;

silage;

wheat.

Industry（29%ofGDP）:

Types--foodprocessing,beverages,engineering,computerequipment,textilesandclothing,chemicals,pharmaceuticals.

Trade（2010,IrelandCentralStatisticsOfficedata）:

Exports--$119.9billion（excludingservices）:

machinery,transportequipment,chemicals,food,manufacturedmaterials,beverages.Imports--$59.9billion（excludingservices）:

grains,petroleumproducts,machinery,transportequipment,chemicals,textileyarns.Majorsuppliers--GreatBritainandNorthernIreland30%,U.S.18%,France5%,Germany7%,China6%,Japan2%;

restoftheworld（includingotherEUmemberstates）32%.

PEOPLEANDHISTORY

TheIrishpeoplearemainlyofCelticorigin,withthecountry'

sonlysignificantsizedminorityhavingdescendedfromtheAnglo-Normans.Englishisthecommonlanguage,butIrish（Gaelic）isalsoanofficiallanguageandistaughtinschools.

Anglo-IrishwriterssuchasSwift,Sheridan,Goldsmith,Burke,Wilde,Joyce,Yeats,Shaw,andBecketthavemadeamajorcontributiontoworldliteratureoverthepast300years,withfourIrishwritershavingwontheNobelPrizeforLiterature.

Theearliestinhabitants--peopleofamid-StoneAgeculture--arrivedabout6000BC.About4,000yearslater,tribesfromsouthernEuropearrivedandestablishedahighNeolithicculture,leavingbehindgoldornamentsandhugestonemonuments.TheBronzeAgepeople,whoarrivedduringthenext1,000years,producedelaborategoldandbronzeornamentsandweapons.

TheIronAgearrivedabruptlyinthefourthcenturyBCwiththeinvasionoftheCelts,atall,energeticpeoplewhohadspreadacrossEuropeandGreatBritainintheprecedingcenturies.TheCelts,orGaels,andtheirmorenumerouspredecessorsdividedintofivekingdomsinwhich,despiteconstantstrife,arichcultureflourished.

ThecomingofChristianityfromacrosstheIrishSeabroughtmajorchangesandcivilizinginfluences.TraditionmaintainsthatSt.PatrickarrivedontheislandinAD432and,intheyearsthatfollowed,workedtoconverttheIrishtoChristianity.

Thepagandruidtraditioncollapsedbeforethespreadofthenewfaith,andIrishscholarsexcelledinthestudyofLatinlearningandChristiantheologyinthemonasteriesthatflourished.MissionarieswentforthfromIrelandtoEnglandandthecontinent,spreadingnewsofthefloweringoflearning,andscholarsfromothernationscametoIrishmonasteries.TheexcellenceandisolationofthesemonasterieshelpedpreserveLatinandGreeklearningduringtheDarkAges.Theartsofmanuscriptillumination,metalworking,andsculptureflourishedandproducedsuchtreasuresastheBookofKells,ornatejewelry,andthemanycarvedstonecrossesthatdottheisland.

TwohundredyearsofVikinginvasionandsettlementwaslaterfollowedbyaNormanconquestinthe12thcentury.TheNormanconquestresultedintheassimilationoftheNormansettlersintoIrishsociety.Theearly17thcenturysawthearrivalofScottishandEnglishProtestants,sentascoloniststothenorthofIrelandandthePalearoundDublin.

In1800theIrishparliamentpassedtheActofUnionwithGreatBritain,andIrelandwasanofficialpartoftheUnitedKingdomuntil1921.Religiousfreedom,outlawedinthe18thcentury,wasrestoredin1829,butthisvictoryfortheIrishCatholicmajoritywasovershadowedbyasevereeconomicdepressionandthegreatfamineof1846-48whenthepotatocropfailed.Millionsdied,andmillionsmoreemigrated,spawningthefirstmasswaveofIrishemigrationtotheUnitedStates.Adecadelater,in1858,theIrishRepublicanBrotherhood（IRB--alsoknownastheFenians）wasfoundedasasecretsocietydedicatedtoarmedrebellionagainsttheBritish.Anabove-groundpoliticalcounterpart,theHomeRuleMovement,wascreatedin1874,advocatingconstitutionalchangeforindependence.

GalvanizedbytheleadershipofCharlesStewartParnell,thepartywasabletoforceBritishgovernmentsafter1885tointroduceseveralhomerulebills.TheturnofthecenturywitnessedasurgeofinterestinIrishnationalism,includingthefoundingofSinnFein（"

OurselvesAlone"

）asanopenpoliticalmovement.

NationalismwasandisapotentpopulistforceinIrishpolitics.Ahomerulebillwaspassedin1914,butitsimplementationwassuspendeduntilwarinEuropeended.Believingthemantra:

"

England'

sproblemisIreland'

sopportunity,"

andtappingintoamoodofGaelicrevivalism,PadraicPearseandJamesConnollyledtheunsuccessfulEasterRisingof1916.Pearseandtheother1916leadersdeclaredanindependentIrishrepublic,butalackofpopularsupportdoomedtherebellion,whichlastedaweekanddestroyedlargeportionsofDublin.ThedecisionbytheBritishmilitarygovernmenttoexecutetheleadersoftherebellion,coupledwiththeBritishGovernment'

sthreatofconscriptingtheIrishtofightintheGreatWar,alienatedpublicopinionandproducedmassivesupportforSinnFeininthe1918generalelection.UndertheleadershipofEamondeValera,theelectedSinnFeindeputiesconstitutedthemselvesasthefirstDail.Tensionsonlyincreased:

BritishattemptstosmashSinnFeinignitedtheAnglo-IrishWarof1919-1921.

TheendofthewarbroughttheAnglo-Irishtreatyof1921,whichestablishedtheIrishFreeStateof26countieswithintheBritishCommonwealthandrecognizedthepartitionoftheislandintoIrelandandNorthernIreland,althoughthiswassupposedlyatemporarymeasure.ThesixpredominantlyProtestantcountiesofnortheastUlster--NorthernIreland--remainedapartoftheUnitedKingdomwithlimitedself-government.AsignificantIrishminorityrepudiatedthetreatysettlementbecauseofthecontinuanceofsubordinatetiestotheBritishmonarchandthepartitionoftheisland.Thisoppositionledtofurtherhostilities--acivilwar（1922-23）,whichwaswonbythepro-treatyforces.

In1932,NewYork-bornEamondeValera,thepoliticalleaderoftheforcesinitiallyopposedtothetreaty,becamePrimeMinister,andanewIrishconstitutionwasenactedin1937.ThelastBritishmilitarybasesweresoonwithdrawn,andtheportswerereturnedtoIrishcontrol.IrelandwasneutralinWorldWarII.ThegovernmentformallydeclaredIrelandarepublicin1948;

however,itdoesnotnormallyusetheterm"

RepublicofIreland,"

whichtacitlyacknowledgesthepartition,butreferstothecountrysimplyas"

Ireland."

GOVERNMENTANDPOLITICALCONDITIONS

Irelandisasovereign,independent,democraticstatewithaparliamentarysystemofgovernment.Thepresident,whoservesasheadofstateinaceremonialrole,iselectedfora7-yeartermandcanbere-electedonlyonce.MichaelHigginssucceededMaryMcAleeseasPresidentonNovember11,2011.Incarryingoutcertainconstitutionalpowersandfunctions,thepresidentisaidedbytheCouncilofState,anadvisorybody.Onthetaoiseach'

s（primeminister'

s）advice,thepresidentalsodissolvestheOireachtas（parliament）.

Theprimeminister（taoiseach）iselectedbytheDail（lowerhouseofparliament）astheleaderofthepoliticalparty,orcoalitionofparties,thatwinsthemostseatsinthenationalelections,whichareheldapproximatelyevery5years（unlesscalledearlier）.ExecutivepowerisvestedinacabinetwhoseministersarenominatedbythetaoiseachandapprovedbytheDail.

ThebicameralOireachtas（parliament）consistsoftheSeanadEireann（Senate）andtheDailEireann（HouseofRepresentatives）.TheSeanadiscomposedof60members--11nominatedbytheprimeminister,sixelectedbythenationaluniversities,and43electedfrompanelsofcandidatesestablished