tpo21Word格式文档下载.docx

tpo21Word格式文档下载.docx

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Agriculturedevelopedslowlyamongpopulationsthathadanextensiveknowledgeofplantsandanimals.Changingfromhuntingandgatheringtoagriculturehadnoimmediateadvantages.Tostartwith,itforcedthepopulationtoabandonthenomad'

slifeandbecomesedentary,todevelopmethodsofstorageand,often,systemsofirrigation.Whilehunter-gatherersalwayshadtheoptionofmovingelsewherewhentheresourceswereexhausted,thisbecamemoredifficultwithfarming.Furthermore,asthearchaeologicalrecordshows,thestateofhealthofagriculturalistswasworsethanthatoftheircontemporaryhunter-gatherers.

【2】Traditionally,itwasbelievedthatthetransitiontoagriculturewastheresultofaworldwidepopulationcrisis.Itwasarguedthatoncehunter-gatherershadoccupiedthewholeworld,thepopulationstartedtogroweverywhereandfoodbecamescarce;

agriculturewouldhavebeenasolutiontothisproblem.Weknow,however,thatcontemporaryhunter-gatherersocietiescontroltheirpopulationinavarietyofways.Theideaofaworldpopulationcrisisisthereforeunlikely,althoughpopulationpressuremighthaveariseninsomeareas.

【3】Climaticchangesattheendoftheglacialperiod13,000yearsagohavebeenproposedtoaccountfortheemergenceoffarming.Thetemperatureincreaseddramaticallyinashortperiodoftime（yearsratherthancenturies）,allowingforagrowthofthehunting-gatheringpopulationduetotheabundanceofresources.Therewere,however,fluctuationsintheclimaticconditions,withtheconsequencesthatwetconditionswerefollowedbydryones,sothattheavailabilityofplantsandanimalsoscillatedbrusquely.

【4】Itwouldappearthattheinstabilityoftheclimaticconditionsledpopulationsthathadoriginallybeennomadictosettledownanddevelopasedentarystyleoflife,whichledinturntopopulationgrowthandtotheneedtoincreasetheamountoffoodavailable.Farmingoriginatedintheseconditions.Lateron,itbecameverydifficulttochangebecauseofthesignificantexpansionofthesepopulations.Itcouldbeargued,however,thattheseconditionsarenotsufficienttoexplaintheoriginsofagriculture.Earthhadexperiencedpreviousperiodsofclimaticchange,andyetagriculturehadnotbeendeveloped.

【5】ItisarchaeologistStevenMithen'

sthesis,brilliantlydevelopedinhisbookThePrehistoryoftheMind（1996）,thatapproximately40,000yearsagothehumanminddevelopedcognitivefluidity,thatis,theintegrationofthespecializationsofthemind:

technical,naturalhistory（gearedtounderstandingthebehavioranddistributionofnaturalresources）,socialintelligence,andthelinguisticcapacity.Cognitivefluidityexplainstheappearanceofart,religion,andsophisticatedspeech.Oncehumanspossessedsuchamind,theywereabletofindanimaginativesolutiontoasituationofsevereeconomiccrisissuchasthefarmingdilemmadescribedearlier.Mithenproposestheexistenceoffourmentalelementstoaccountfortheemergenceoffarming:

（1）theabilitytodeveloptoolsthatcouldbeusedintensivelytoharvestandprocessplantresources;

（2）thetendencytouseplantsandanimalsasthemediumtoacquiresocialprestigeandpower;

（3）thetendencytodevelop"

socialrelationships"

withanimalsstructurallysimilartothosedevelopedwithpeople—specifically,theabilitytothinkofanimalsaspeople（anthropomorphism）andofpeopleasanimals（totemism）;

and（4）thetendencytomanipulateplantsandanimals.

【6】Thefactthatsomesocietiesdomesticatedanimalsandplants,discoveredtheuseofmetaltools,becameliterate,anddevelopedastateshouldnotmakeusforgetthatothersdevelopedpastoralismorhorticulture（vegetablegardening）butremainedilliterateandatlowlevelsofproductivity;

afewenteredthemodernperiodashuntingandgatheringsocieties.Itisanthropologicallyimportanttoinquireintotheconditionsthatmadesomesocietiesadoptagriculturewhileothersremainedhunter-gatherersorhorticulturalists.However,itshouldbekeptinmindthatmanysocietiesthatknewofagriculturemoreorlessconsciouslyavoidedit.WhetherMithen'

sexplanationissatisfactoryisopentocontention,andsomeauthorshaverecentlyemphasizedtheimportanceofotherfactors.

托福阅读试题

1.Theword"

option"

inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

A.choice.

B.benefit.

C.idea.

D.experience.

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingareadvantagesofhuntingandgatheringoveragricultureEXCEPT:

A.Itisahealthierlifestyle.

B.Itrequireslessknowledgeofplantsandanimals.

C.Itdoesnotneedstoragecapabilities.

D.Itisnottiedtoanyspecificlocation.

3.Theword"

therefore"

inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto

A.intheory.

B.obviously.

C.frequently.

D.asaresult.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewayparagraph2isorganized?

A.Apossibleexplanationforaphenomenonispresentedandthencriticized.

B.Twosimilarwaysofaccountingforapuzzlingfactareconsidered.

C.Earlysocieties'

responsetoaproblemiscontrastedwithcontemporarysocieties'

response.

D.Aprehistoricdevelopmentisfirstexplainedintraditionaltermsandthenincontemporaryterms.

5.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph3?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Theresourcesneededbythegrowinghuntingandgatheringpopulationincreasedrapidlyoncetemperaturesrose.

B.Dramatictemperatureincreasesandthesimultaneousgrowthofthehuntingandgatheringpopulationledtotheneedformoreresources.

C.Highertemperaturesledtotheexistenceofincreasedresources,thusenablingthehuntingandgatheringpopulationtogrow.

D.Thedramatictemperatureincreaseoccurredduringthefewyearswhenabundantresourcesallowedthehuntingandgatheringpopulationtogrow.

6.Accordingtoparagraph3,theabundanceofresourcesfluctuatedsharplyaftertheendoftheglacialperiodbecause

A.locallyabundantresourceswerequicklyexhaustedbyhunter-gatherers.

B.thetemperaturebecamemuchhigherinsomeareasoverothers.

C.differenttypesofplantsandanimalsbecameavailableastheclimatechanged.

D.theamountofrainfallvariedradicallyfromoneperiodtothenext.

7.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph4thatitwasdifficultforpeopletochangefromfarmingbacktohuntingandgatheringbecause

A.peoplehadbecomemoreusedtodifferenttypesoffood.

B.climaticconditionswerenolongerfavorableforhuntingandgathering.

C.populationshadbecometoolargetobesupportedbyhuntingandgathering.

D.thefarmer'

ssedentarylifewaseasierthanthehunter-gatherer'

snomadiclife.

8.Whydoestheauthorstatethat"

Earthhadexperiencedpreviousperiodsofclimaticchange,andyetagriculturehadnotbeendeveloped"

?

（inparagraph4）

A.Tosuggestthatclimatechangehadoccurredlongbeforethedevelopmentofagriculture.

B.Toarguethatclimatechangedoesnotproperlyexplainwhyagriculturedeveloped.

C.Tochallengetheassumptionthatagriculturedevelopedonlyinsomepartsoftheworld.

D.Toquestiontheclaimthatclimatechangeoccurredatthetimewhenagriculturedeveloped.

9.Theword"

imaginative"

inparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto

A.complex.

B.creative.

C.immediate.

D.reliable.

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,StevenMithenbelievesthatallofthefollowingcontributedtotheemergenceoffarmingEXCEPT

A.thedevelopmentofamindflexibleenoughtocomeupwithsolutionstocomplexproblems.

B.thetendencytouseplantsandanimalstoacquirepower.

C.thetendencytoemphasizethedifferencesbetweenanimalsandpeople.

D.theabilitytomaketoolsthatcouldbeusedforthelarge-scaleharvestingofplants.

11.Theword"

contention"

inparagraph6isclosestinmeaningto

A.investigation.

B.improvement.

C.debate.

D.interpretation.

12.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingisaweaknessofMithen'

sexplanation?

A.Itdoesnotclearlydistinguishagriculturefrompastoralismandhorticulture.

B.Itfailstoexplainwhysomesocietiesadoptedagriculturewhileothersdidnot.

C.Itexplainsthedomesticationofplantsandanimalsbutnotthedevelopmentofmetaltools.

D.Itoverlooksthefactthatilliteracyandlowproductivityremainproblemseventoday

13.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.Becausehumanshadbuiltupthisknowledgeashunter-gatherers,itislogicaltoconcludethatovertimetheywouldhavebecomeextremelyefficient.

Paragraph7:

Howdiditcomeaboutthatfarmingdevelopedindependentlyinanumberofworldcenters（theSoutheastAsianmainland,SouthwestAsia,CentralAmerica,lowlandandhighlandSouthAmerica,andequatorialAfrica）atmoreorlessthesametime?

Agriculturedevelopedslowlyamongpopulationsthathadanextensiveknowledgeofplantsandanimals.【A】Changingfromhuntingandgatheringtoagriculturehadnoimmediateadvantages.【B】Tostartwith,itforcedthepopulationtoabandonthenomad'

slifeandbecamesedentary,todevelopmethodsofstorageand,oft