版英语二自学教程课文Word文件下载.docx

版英语二自学教程课文Word文件下载.docx

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------SamuelJohnson

SamuelJohnson（1709-1784）,Britishmanofletters,oneofthemostoutstandingfiguresofthe18thcenturyinEngland.HemadelastingcontributionstoEnglishliteratureasapoet,essayist,moralist,literarycritic,biographer,editorandlexicographer.Johnsonhasbeendescribedas“arguablythemostdistinguishedmanoflettersinEnglishhistory.”

TextACriticalReading

Pre-readingQuestions

1.Doyouusuallychallengetheideaanauthorrepresents?

Whatdoyouthinkisactivereading?

2.Whatsuggestionsdoyouexpecttheauthorwillgiveonreadingcritically?

Criticalreadingappliestonon-fictionwritinginwhichtheauthorputsforthapositionorseekstomakeastatement.Criticalreadingisactivereading.Itinvolvesmorethanjustunderstandingwhatanauthorissaying.Criticalreadinginvolvesquestioningandevaluatingwhattheauthorissaying,andformingyourownopinionsaboutwhattheauthorissaying.Herearethethingsyoushoulddotobeacriticalreader.

Considerthecontextofwhatiswritten.Youmaybereadingsomethingthatwaswrittenbyanauthorfromadifferentculturalcontextthanyours.Or,youmaybereadingsomethingwrittensometimeagoinadifferenttimecontextthanyours.Ineithercase,youmustrecognizeandtakeintoaccountanydifferencesbetweenyourvaluesandattitudesandthoserepresentedbytheauthor.

Questionassertionsmadebytheauthor.Don’tacceptwhatiswrittenatfacevalue.Beforeacceptingwhatiswritten,bycertainthattheauthorprovidessufficientsupportforanyassertionsmade.Lookforfacts,examples,andstatisticsthatprovidesupport.Also,looktoseeiftheauthorhasintegratedtheworkofauthorities.

Comparewhatiswrittenwithotherwrittenworkonthesubject.Looktoseethatwhatiswrittenisconsistentwiththatothershavewrittenaboutthesubject.Ifthereareinconsistencies,carefullyevaluatethesupporttheauthorprovidesfortheinconsistencies.

Analyzeassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Assumptionsarewhatevertheauthormustbelieveistrueinordertomakeassertions.Inmanycases,theauthor’sassumptionsarenotdirectlystated.Thismeansyoumustreadcarefullyinordertoidentifyanyassumptions.Onceyouidentifyanassumption,youmustdecidewhetherornottheassumptionisvalid.

Evaluatethesourcestheauthoruses.Indoingthis,bycertainthatthesourcesarecredible.Forexample,Einsteinisacrediblesourceiftheauthoriswritingaboutlandmarkachievementsinphysics.Alsobecertainthatthesourcesarerelevant.Einsteinisnotarelevantsourcewhenthesubjectispoetry.Finally,iftheauthoriswritingaboutasubjectinitscurrentstate,besurethatthesourcesarecurrent.Forexample,studiesdonebyEinsteinintheearly20thcenturymaynotbeappropriateifthewriterisdiscussingthecurrentstateofknowledgeinphysics.

Identifyanypossibleauthorbias.AwrittendiscussionofAmericanpoliticswilllikelylookconsiderablydifferentdependingonwhetherthewriterisaDemocratoraRepublican.Whatiswrittenmayverywellreflectabiasedposition.Youneedtotakethispossiblebiasintoaccountwhenreadingwhattheauthorhaswritten.Thatis,takewhatiswrittenwith“agrainofsalt.”

Bybeingacriticalreader,youwillbecomebetterinformedandmaychangeyourviewsasappropriate.

TextBTheLanguageofConfidence

1.Arethereanywordsthatmakeyoufeelconfidentordiffident?

2.Doyoubelievethatlanguagecaninfluencepeople’sthought?

Givesomeexample.

Thelanguageweuseprogramsourbrain.Masteringourlanguagegiveusagreatdegreeofmasteryoverourlivesandourdestinies.Itisimportanttousethelanguageinthebestwaypossibleinordertodramaticallyimproveourqualityoflife.

Eventhesmallestofwordscanhavethedeepesteffectonoursubconsciousmind,whichislikeachild,anditdoesn’treallyunderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatreallyhappensandwhatyouimagine.Itiseagertopleaseandwillingtocarryoutanycommandsthatyougiveit---whetheryoudothisknowinglyornotisentirelyuptoyou.

“Try”

Itisasmallwordyetithasanamazingimpactuponus.Ifsomeonesays,“I’lltrytodothat”youknowthattheyarenotgoingtobeputtingtheirwholeheartintoit,andmaynotevendoitatall.Howoftendoyouusethewordtrywhentalkingaboutthethingsthatmattertoyou?

Dosay“I’lltrytobemoreconfident”or“I’lltrytodothat”or“I’lltrytocall”?

Thinkaboutsomethingthatyouwouldliketoachieve,andsayittoyourselfintwodifferentways.Firstlysay,“I’lltryto…”andnoticehowyoufeel.Nextsay,“Iwilldo…”andseehowyoufeel.

Thelattermakesyoufeelbetterthanthefirstone,doesn’tit?

Itgivesyouasenseofdetermination,afeelingthatitwillbedone.Listentothepeoplearoundyouandwhentheysaytheywilltrytonoticeifitgetsdoneornot.Eliminatethewordtryfromyourdictionaryandseehowyourlifeimproves.

“Can’t”

Thisisanothersmallwordwithabigimpact.Itdisempowersus,makesusfeelweakandhelpless,anddamagesourself-esteem.Itlimitsourinfiniteabilitiesandstiflescreativity.Rubitoutfromyourinternaldictionaryandreplaceitwithsomethingthatmakesyoufeelgreat.

Insteadofsayingyoucan’t,whynotsaysomethinglike“Ichoose…”or“Ichoosenotto…”Usingwordslikethisallowsyoutotakebackyourpowerandtobeincontrolofyourlife.

Wordsmayappearsmallandinsignificant,yettheyhaveadeepandlastingeffectonus.Masteringyourlanguagegivesyouthepowertolivewhateverlifeyoudesire.

Whatwordsdoyouusealotthatdisempoweryou?

Makealistofwordsyoucommonlyuseandthenwritenexttothemsomealternativesyoucanuse.Makethesealternativeswordsthatmakeyoufeelfabulous,notonlyaboutyourself,butaboutlifeandwhatyouaredoing!

Unit2MistakestoSuccess

Successisgoingfromfailuretofailurewithoutlosingyourenthusiasm.

----WinstonChurchill

WinstonChurchill（1874-1965）,BritishConservativepoliticianandstatesmanknownforhisleadershipoftheUnitedKingdomduringtheSecondWorldWar.Widelyregardedasoneofthegreatestwartimeleadersofthecentury,heservedasPrimeMinistertwice.HeistheonlyBritishPrimeMinistertohavereceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature.

TextASplitMilk

Pre-readingQuestions:

1.Didyoumakeanymistakesonyourwaytosuccess?

2.Doyoubelievethatmakingmistakesisanecessaryingredientforsuccess?

Explain.

Haveheardofthestoryaboutspiltmilk?

Well,weallknowthereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Butthisstoryisdifferent.Iwouldhopeallparentswouldrespondinthismanner.

Irecentlyheardastoryaboutafamousresearchscientistwhohadmadeseveralveryimportantmedicalbreakthroughs.Hewasinterviewedbyanewspaperreporterwhoaskedhimwhyhewassomuchmorecreativethantheaverageperson;

whatsethimsofarapartfromothers?

Herespondedthat,inhisopinion,itallcamefromanexperiencewithhismotherthatoccurredwhenhewasabouttwoyearsold.Hehadbeentryingtoremoveabottleofmilkfromtherefrigeratorwhenhelosthisgripontheslipperybottleanditfell,spillingitscontentsalloverthekitchenfloor–averitableseaofmilk!

Whenhismothercameintothekitchen,insteadofyellingathim,givinghimalecture,orpunishinghim,shesaid,“Robert,whatagreatandwonderfulmessyouhavemade!

Ihaverarelyseensuchahugepuddleofmilk.Well,thedamagehasalreadybeendone.Wouldyouliketogetdownandplayinthemilkforafewminutesbeforewecleanitup?

”

Indeed,hedid.Afterafewminutes,hismothersaid,“Youknow,Robert,wheneveryoumakeamesslikethis,eventuallyyouhavetocleanitupandrestoreeverythingtoitsproperorder.So,howwouldyouliketodothat?

Wecoulduseasponge,atowel,oramop.Whichdoyouprefer?

”Hechosethespongeandtogethertheycleanedupthespiltmilk.

Hismotherthensaid,“Youknow,whatwehavehereisafailedexperimentinhowtoeffectivelycarryabigmilkbottlewithtwotinyhands.Let’sgooutinthebackyardandfillthebottlewithwaterandseeifyoucandiscoverawaytocarryitwithoutdroppingit.”Thelittleboylearnedthatifhegraspedthebottleatthetopnearthelipwithbothhands,hecouldcarryitwithoutdroppingit.Whatawonderfullesson!

Therenownedscientistremarkedthatitwasatthatmomentthatheknewhedidn’tneedtobeafraidtomakemistakes.Instead,helearnedthatmistakeswerejustopportunitiesforlearningsomethingnew,whichis,afterall,whatscientificexperimentsareallabout.Eveniftheexperiment“doesn’twork”,weusuallylearnsomethingvaluablefromit.

Wouldn’titbegreatifallparentswouldrespondthewayRobert’smotherrespondedtohim?

TextBTheCake

1.Haveyoueverbeenwronglyblamedbyyourparents?

Howdidyoufeelatthatmoment?

2.Whatsuggestionswouldyougivetotheparentswhoareblindedtotheirchildren’smerits?

Cindyglancednervouslyattheclockonthekitchenwall.Fiveminutesbeforemidnight.

“Theyshouldbehomeanytimenow,”shethoughtassheputthefinishingtouchesonthechocolatecakeshewasfrosting.Itwasthefirsttimeinher12yearsshehadtriedtomakeacakefromscratch,andtobehonest,itwasn’texactlyandaesthetictriumph.Thecakewas…well,lumpy.Andthefrostingwasbitter,asifshehadrunoutofsugarorsomething,which,ofcourse,shehad.

Andthentherewasthewaythekitchenlooked.Imaginethehugeblenderfillw