27 an introduction to genetic analysis文档格式.docx

27 an introduction to genetic analysis文档格式.docx

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adaptivelandscapeThesurfaceplottedinathree-dimensionalgraph,withallpossiblecombinationsofallelefrequenciesfordifferentlociplottedintheplaneandwithmeanfitnessforeachcombinationplottedinthethirddimension.

adaptivepeakAhighpoint（perhapsoneofseveral）onanadaptivelandscape;

selectiontendstodrivethegenotypecompositionofthepopulationtowardacombinationcorrespondingtoanadaptivepeak.

adaptivesurfaceSeeadaptivelandscape.

adaptorproteinAproteinthatbindstocertainspecificphosphorylatedaminoacidsequencesonasecondprotein,oftenatransmembranereceptor,andassociateswithstillotherproteins,therebyallowingacomplexofproteinsto“dock”tothereceptor.Thisdockingbringsproteinsofthiscomplexinproximitytooneanotherand,bydoingso,permitspropagationofanintracellularsignalinasignaltransductionpathway.

additivegeneticvarianceGeneticvarianceassociatedwiththeaverageeffectsofsubstitutingonealleleforanother.

adenineApurinebasethatpairswiththymineintheDNAdoublehelix.

adenosineThenucleosidecontainingadenineasitsbase.

adenosinetriphosphateSeeATP.

adjacentsegregationInareciprocaltranslocation,thepassageofatranslocatedandanormalchromosometoeachofthepoles.

ADPAdenosinediphosphate.

AlaAlanine（anaminoacid）.

albinoApigmentless“white”phenotype,determinedbyamutationinagenecodingforapigment-synthesizingenzyme.

alkylatingagentAchemicalagentthatcanaddalkylgroups（forexample,ethylormethylgroups）toanothermolecule;

manymutagensactthroughalkylation.

alleleOneofthedifferentformsofagenethatcanexistatasinglelocus.

allelefrequencyAmeasureofthecommonnessofanalleleinapopulation;

theproportionofallallelesofthatgeneinthepopulationthatareofthisspecifictype.

allopatricspeciationTheprocessofthesplittingofaspeciesintotwoormorenewspeciesthatoccursbetweenpopulationsthataregeographicallyisolatedfromeachother.

allopolyploidSeeamphidiploid.

allosterictransitionAchangefromoneconformationofaproteinintoanother.

alternatesegregationInareciprocaltranslocation,thepassageofbothnormalchromosomestoonepoleandbothtranslocatedchromosomestotheotherpole.

alternationofgenerationsThealternationofgametophyteandsporophytestagesinthelifecycleofaplant.

alternativesplicingTheprocessbywhichdifferentmRNAsareproducedfromthesameprimarytranscript,throughvariationsinthesplicingpatternofthetranscript.MultiplemRNA“isoforms”canbeproducedinasinglecellorthedifferentisoformscandisplaydifferenttissue-specificpatternsofexpression.IfthealternativeexonsfallwithintheopenreadingframesofthemRNAisoforms,differentproteinswillbeproducedbythealternativemRNAs.

ambercodonThecodonUAG,anonsensecodon.

ambersuppressorAmutantallelecodingforatRNAwhoseanticodonisalteredinsuchawaythatthetRNAinsertsanaminoacidatanambercodonintranslation.

AmestestAwidelyusedtesttodetectpossiblechemicalcarcinogens;

basedonmutagenicityinthebacteriumSalmonella.

aminoacidApeptide;

thebasicbuildingblockofproteins（orpolypeptides）.

amniocentesisAtechniquefortestingthegenotypeofanembryoorfetusinuterowithminimalrisktothemotherorthechild.

AMPAdenosinemonophosphate.

amphidiploidAnallopolyploid;

apolyploidformedfromtheunionoftwoseparatechromosomesetsandtheirsubsequentdoubling.

amplificationTheproductionofmanyDNAcopiesfromonemasterregionofDNA.

anaphaseAnintermediatestageofnucleardivisionduringwhichchromosomesarepulledtothepolesofthecell.

aneuploidcellAcellhavingachromosomenumberthatdiffersfromthenormalchromosomenumberforthespeciesbyasmallnumberofchromosomes.

animalbreedingThepracticalapplicationofgeneticanalysisfordevelopmentoflinesofdomesticanimalssuitedtohumanpurposes.

annealingSpontaneousalignmentoftwosingleDNAstrandstoformadoublehelix.

antibodyAprotein（immunoglobulin）molecule,producedbytheimmunesystem,thatrecognizesaparticularsubstance（antigen）andbindstoit.

anticodonAnucleotidetripletinatRNAmoleculethatalignswithaparticularcodoninmRNAundertheinfluenceoftheribosomesothattheaminoacidcarriedbythetRNAisinsertedinagrowingproteinchain.

antigenAmoleculethatisrecognizedbyantibody（immunoglobulin）molecules.Generally,multipleantibodymoleculescanrecognizeagivenantigen.

antiparallelAtermusedtodescribetheoppositeorientationsofthetwostrandsofaDNAdoublehelix;

the5′endofonestrandalignswiththe3′endoftheotherstrand.

APsiteApurinicorapyrimidinicsiteresultingfromthelossofapurineorpyrimidineresiduefromtheDNA.

ArgArginine（anaminoacid）.

ascosporeAsexualsporefromcertainfungusspeciesinwhichsporesarefoundinasaccalledanascus.

ascusInfungi,asacthatenclosesatetradoranoctadofascospores.

asexualsporeSeespore.

AsnAsparagine（anaminoacid）.

AspAspartate（anaminoacid）.

ATP（adenosinetriphosphate）The“energymolecule”ofcells,synthesizedmainlyinmitochondriaandchloroplasts;

energyfromthebreakdownofATPdrivesmanyimportantcellreactions.

attachedXApairofDrosophilaXchromosomesjoinedatoneendandinheritedasasingleunit.

attenuatorAregionadjacenttothestructuralgenesofthetrpoperon;

thisregionactsinthepresenceoftryptophantoreducetherateoftranscriptionfromthestructuralgenes.

autonomouscontrollingelementAcontrollingelementthatseemstohavebothregulatorandreceptorfunctionscombinedinasingleunitthatentersageneandcausesanunstablemutation.

autonomousphenotypeAgenetictraitinmulticellularorganismsinwhichonlygenotypicallymutantcellsexhibitthemutantphenotype.Conversely,anonautonomoustraitisoneinwhichgenotypicallymutantcellscauseothercells（regardlessoftheirgenotype）toexhibitamutantphenotype.

autonomousreplicationsequence（ARS）AsegmentofaDNAmoleculeneededfortheinitiationofitsreplication;

generallyasiterecognizedandboundbytheproteinsofthereplicationsystem.

autophosphorylationTheprocessbywhichaproteinkinasephosphorylatesspecificaminoacidresiduesonitself.

autopolyploidApolyploidformedfromthedoublingofasinglegenome.

autoradiogramApatternofdarkspotsinadevelopedphotographicfilmoremulsion,inthetechniqueofautoradiography.

autoradiographyAprocessinwhichradioactivematerialsareincorporatedintocellstructures,whicharethenplacednexttoafilmorphotographicemulsion,thusformingapatternonthefilmcorrespondingtothelocationoftheradioactivecompoundswithinthecell.

autoregulatoryloopTheprocessbywhichtheexpressionofageneiscontrolledbyitsowngeneproduct.

autosomeAnychromosomethatisnotasexchromosome.

auxotrophAstrainofmicroorganismsthatwillproliferateonlywhenthemediumissupplementedwithsomespecificsubstancenotrequiredbywild-typeorganisms.

B

BACBacterialartificialchromosome;

anFplasmidengineeredtoactasacloningvectorthatcancarrylargeinserts.

backmutationSeereversion.

bacteriophage（phage）Avirusthatinfectsbacteria.

balancedpolymorphismStablegeneticpolymorphismmaintainedbynaturalselection.

balancerAchromosomewithmultipleinversions,usedtoretainfavorableallelecombinationsintheuninvertedhomolog.

BalbianiringAlargechromosomepuff.

BarrbodyAdenselystainingmassthatrepresentsaninactivatedXchromosome.

baseanalogAchemicalwhosemolecularstructuremimicsthatofaDNAbase;

becauseofthemimicry,theanalogmayactasamutagen.

beadtheoryThedisprovedhypothesisthatgenesarearrangedonthechromosomelikebeadsonanecklace,indivisibleintosmallerunitsofmutationandrecombination.

bimodaldistributionAstatisticaldistributionhavingtwomodes.

binaryfissionTheprocessinwhichaparentcellsplitsintotwodaughtercellsofapproximatelyequalsize.

biparentalzygoteAChlamydomonaszygotethatcontainscpDNAfrombothparents;

suchcellsaregenerallyrare.

blastcellAcellthatdivides,generallyasymmetrically,togiverisetotwodifferentprogenycells.Oneisablastcelljustliketheparentalcellandtheotherisacellthatentersadifferentiationpathway.Inthismanner,acontinuouslypropagatingcellpopulationcanmaintainitselfandspinoffdifferentiatingcells.

blastodermInaninsectembryo,thelayerofcellsthatcompletelysurroundsaninternalmassofyolk.

blastulaAnearlydevelopmentalstageoflowervertebrateembryos,inwhichtheembryoconsistsofasinglelayerofcellssurroundingthecentralyolk.

blendinginheritanceAdisc