英文生物论文写作AbstractExample01Word下载.docx

英文生物论文写作AbstractExample01Word下载.docx

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Frist,Whenwritingabstractsofacademicpapers,manyauthorsareusedtoapplyingpasttense;

Ratherthanusingpasttenseaimlessly,theyareadapttouseittodescribethemethodsorresultsorboth（5papers）.Whenwritingabstractsofreviews,fewauthorsusepasttense（4reviewsinall,Nopasttense）.

Second,Therearethreepapersusingpassivevoiceinalmostwholeabstracts,excepttheseauthorswhoareadeptatdoingthis,othersareprefertoapplypositivevoice.

Third,Academicpapershavedisparatewritingformcomparedwithreviews.Theymustcontainbackgrounds,questions,methods,resultsandconclusions,althoughsometimesmethodsandresultscanbeincorporatedpart.Whilereviewsseemnottohaveafixedpatternofwriting.

Fourth,Onlydoesaspecificabbreviationappearmorethantwiceinanabstract,theuseofthisabbreviationcanberightandstandard.

FinallyIrealizedthatexceptforconciseness,anabstractmustbewell-organizedinordertocatchingtheeyesofreaders.Asanewbieabstractwriters,weneedtolearnalotmore.

Throughreadinganddissectingthese10abstractIhavequestionsasfollows:

1.Whetherweshouldtrytoavoidusinglongandcomplexsentences?

Compoundsentencessometimesseemtoberedundantandbeeasiertomisleadreaders.

2.Insomesituations,forexample“wereportthefirstcloningandfunctionalcharacterizationofanSRmoleculefromteleostfish（Tetraodonnigroviridis）.ThisSR（TnSR）……,”Isitnecessarytospecify“TnSR”inadvanceinfirstsentence,thenuseitsabbreviationdirectlyinthetextthatfollows?

Ifitisnecessary,howshouldwedo?

3.Whenwritinganabstract,shouldweusesentenceslike“wecharacterizesforthefirsttime……”,“wereportthefirstcloningandfunctionalcharacterizationof……”，and“toourknowledge……”ect.?

Why?

4.Howshouldwedotostressthenoveltyorsignificanceofourresearch?

5.Whymanyauthorswritesentenceslike“dataontheiroccurrenceandfunctions……arelimited.”or“Todateveryfewstudieshavebeencarriedoutto……”andsoon?

Ifthisusageiscorrect,what’sthefunctionorpurpose?

6.What’sthedifferencebetween“novel（morespecific）”and“new”?

7.Likeacademicpapers,doabstractsofreviewshaveaspecificandstandardwritingform?

8.ByhearingprofessorYu’sexplanation,Iknowninthefollowingexamplewhat“which”referstoisnotveryclear.Istillwonderhowtorewritethissentencecorrectly?

（Example:

However,vitaminAdeprivationparadoxicallyresultedindramaticexpansionofinterleukin-13（IL-13）–producingILC2sandresistancetonematodeinfectioninmice,whichrevealedthatILCsareprimarysensorsofdietarystress.）

2.

Abstract

备注：

蓝色——缩写

黄色——一般现在时

红色——过去时

绿色——被动语态（批注框中的绿色代表修改后的正确形式）

1.

Cheng,S.F.,etal.（2012）."

Asingleimmunoglobulin-domainIgSFproteinfromSciaenopsocellatusregulatespathogen-inducedimmuneresponseinanegativemanner."

DevCompImmunol38

（1）:

117-127.

Conclusion

Method4

Method1

Method2

Results

Method3

Background

Theimmunoglobulinsuperfamily（IgSF）isalargegroupofcellsurfaceproteinsthatincludevariousimmunoregulatoryreceptorssuchasnovelimmunetypereceptors（NITRs）,whichareafamilyofdiversifiedproteinsfoundexclusivelyinbonyfish.Inthisstudy,weidentifiedandanalyzedanIgSFprotein,SoIgSF1,fromreddrum（Sciaenopsocellatus）.SoIgSF1iscomposedof225aminoacidresiduesandmoderatelyrelatedtoteleostNITRs.InsilicoanalysisindicatedthatSoIgSF1isatypeItransmembraneglycoproteinandcontainsanN-terminalsignalpeptidesequence,asingleextracellularimmunoglobulinVdomain,atransmembraneregion,andacytoplasmicregion.However,unlikemostNITRs,thecytoplasmicregionofSoIgSF1exhibitsnoconsensusinhibitoryorstimulatorysignalingsequencesbuthastwotyrosine-containingmotifsthatconformtotheright-halfsequenceoftheimmunoreceptortyrosine-basedinhibitorymotif（ITIM）.QuantitativerealtimeRT-PCRanalysisshowedthatSoIgSF1expressionoccurredmainlyinimmuneorgansandwasdrasticallyinducedbyviralandbacterialinfection.Immunofluorescencemicroscopyindicatedthatviralinfectionofheadkidney（HK）leukocytesinducedsurfaceexpressionofSoIgSF1,whichwasabletointeractwithantibodiesagainstrecombinantSoIgSF1.Antibodycross-linkingofSoIgSF1onHKleukocytesinhibitedtheexpressionofimmunerelevantgenesandpromotedviralandbacterialinfection.Takentogether,theseresultsindicatethatSoIgSF1,thoughlackingcanonicalintracellularsignalingmotifs,isinvolvedinregulationofhostimmuneresponseduringpathogeninfectionpossiblybyfunctioningasanegativesignalingreceptorthroughanovelmechanism.

2.Meng,Z.,etal.（2012）."

ScavengerreceptorinfishisalipopolysacchariderecognitionmoleculeinvolvedinnegativeregulationofNF-kappaBactivationbycompetingwithTNFreceptor-associatedfactor2recruitmentintotheTNF-alphasignalingpathway."

JImmunol189（8）:

4024-4039.

Backgroundandproblems

Conlusion

Method3

Results

Scavengerreceptors（SRs）playcrucialrolesininnateimmunitybyactingaspatternrecognitionreceptors.AlthoughSRsarewidelydocumentedinmammals,dataontheiroccurrenceandfunctionsinancientvertebratesarelimited.Inthisstudy,wereport,toourknowledge,thefirstcloningandfunctionalcharacterizationofanSRmoleculefromteleostfish（Tetraodonnigroviridis）.ThisSR（TnSR）wasidentifiedasahomologtomammalianscavengerreceptorclassAmember5withtheconservedstructureofaclassASR.TnSRcontainedmultidomainsinatypeIItransmembranereceptor,includinganSRcysteine-richdomain,twocoiled-coilcollagenousdomains,atransmmebranedomain,andashortN-terminalintracellularregionwithanunexpectedTNFR-associatedfactor2-bindingconsensusmotifsimilartothatinhumanMSRmolecules.PhylogeneticanalysissuggestedthatTnSRmaybeanancientmemberofclassASRsresultingfromthecloserelationshipbetweenscavengerreceptorclassAmember5andmacrophageSRinvertebratesassociatedwiththesubtledifferencesinTnSRstructure.SubcellularlocalizationanalysisshowedthatTnSRwasacellmembranereceptorwithhomotrimerformsinvolvedintherecognitionandinternalizationofLPSfromsurfacemembranesintolysosomes.Functionally,TnSRexpressionwasdramaticallyinducedbyLPSstimulation.TnSRservedasanegativeregulatorinLPS-inducedNF-kappaBactivationbythecompetitiverecruitmentofTNFR-associatedfactor2fromtheTNF-alphasignalingpathway.Toourknowledge,thisisthefirstreportshowingthatSRplaysaninhibitoryroleinLPS-elicitedinflammationbycross-talkingwiththeTNF-alphainflammatorypathway.ThesefindingscontributetoabetterunderstandingofthebiologicalandevolutionaryhistoryoftheSRfamily.

3.Sun,J.S.,etal.（2012）."

Cynoglossussemilaevisthioredoxin:

areductaseandanantioxidantwithimmunostimulatoryproperty."

CellStressChaperones17（4）:

445-455.

Problems

Background

Method2

Method1

Thioredoxin（Trx）isasmallredoxproteinexistingubiquitouslyinalllivingorganismsandplaysanimportantroleinmultiplecellularprocesses,includingtranscriptionalregulationandimmuneresponse.TodateveryfewstudieshavebeencarriedouttoexaminethefunctionofpiscineTrx.Inthisstudy,weidentifiedandanalyzedthefunctionofaTrxhomologue,CsTrx1,fromhalf-smoothtonguesole（Cynoglossussemilaevis）.ThededucedaminoacidsequenceofCsTrx1iscomposedof107residuesandshares54.1-60.8%overallidentitieswiththeTrxofotherteleosts.CsTrx1containsthehighlyconservedCXXCmotif,whichinmammalsisknowntobetheactivesite,intheformofCQPC.ExpressionofCsTrx1asdeterminedbyquantitativereal-timereversetranscriptasePCRwashighestinliverandupregulatedintime-dependentmannersbybacterialinfectionandbyexposuretoiron,copper,andhydrogenperoxide.PurifiedrecombinantCsTrx1（rCsTrx1）exhibitedinsulindisulfidereductaseactivityandantioxidantactivity,bothwhich,however,werelostwhenthetwocysteineresiduesintheCQPCmotifweremutatedtoserine.FurtheranalysisshowedthatrCsTrx1wasabletostimulatetheproliferationofheadkidneyleukocytes,upregulatetheexpressionofimmunerelevantgenes,andenhancetheresistanceofleukocytesagainstbacterialinfection.Takentogether,theseresultsindicatethatCsTrx1isabiologicallyactivereductaseandanantioxidantthatrequirestheCXXCmotifforactivityandthatCsTrx1possessescytokine-likeimmunoregulatoryproperty.TheseresultssuggestaroleforCsTrx1inprotectingcellsagainstoxidativestresscausedbyoxidantexposureandpathogeninfection.

4.Xiong,R.,etal.（2012）."

CharacterizationofaPIAS4homologuefromzebrafish:

insightsintoitsconservednegativeregulatorymechanismintheTRIF,MAVS,andIFNsignalingpathwaysduringvertebrateevolution."

JImmunol188（6）:

2653-2668.

Backgroundandproblems

Result2

Conclusion

Result1

MembersoftheproteininhibitorofactivatedSTAT（PIAS）familyarekeyregulatorsofvarioushumanandmammaliansignalingpathways,butdataontheiroccurrenceandfunctionsinancientvertebratesarelimited.ThisstudycharacterizesforthefirsttimetoourknowledgeaPIAS4homologue（PIAS4a）fromzebrafish.Structurally,thiszebrafishPIAS4a（zfPIAS4a）sharesanumberofconservedfunctionaldomainswithmam