机械毕业设计英文外文翻译286空气及天然气钻井文档格式.docx

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译286空气及天然气钻井文档格式.docx

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中文题目：

空气及天然气钻井

英文题目：

AirandGasDrilling

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专业

指导教师：

ChapterOneIntroduction

Thisengineeringpracticebookhasbeenpreparedforengineers,earthscientists,andtechnicianswhoworkinmodernrotarydrillingoperations.Thebookderivesandillustratesengineeringcalculationtechniquesassociatedwithairandgasdrillingtechnology.Sincethisbookhasbeenwrittenforavarietyofprofessionalsandpotentialapplications,theauthorshaveattemptedtominimizetheuseoffieldequations.Alsothetechnicalterminologyusedinthebookshouldbeeasily

understoodbyallthosewhostudythistechnology.Innearlyallpartsofthebook,equationsarepresentedthatcanbeusedwithanysetofconsistentunits.AlthoughmostoftheexamplecalculationsuseEnglishunits,areadercaneasilyconverttotheSystemeInternationaled’Units（SIunits）usingthetablesinAppendixA.

Airandgasdrillingtechnologyistheutilizationofcompressedairorothergasesasarotarydrillingcirculatingfluidtocarrytherockcuttingstothesurfacethataregeneratedatthebottomofthewellbytheadvanceofthedrillbit.Thecompressedairorothergas（e.g.,nitrogenornaturalgas）canbeusedbyitself,orcanbeinjectedintothewellwithincompressiblefluidssuchasfreshwater,

formationwater,orformationoil.Therearethreedistinctoperationalapplicationsforthistechnology:

airorgasdrillingoperations（usingonlythecompressedairorothergasasthecirculatingfluid）,aerateddrillingoperations（usingcompressedairorothergasmixedwithanincompressiblefluid）,andstablefoamdrillingoperations（usingthecompressedairorothergaswithanincompressiblefluidtocreateacontinuousfoamcirculatingfluid）.

1.1RotaryDrilling

Rotarydrillingisamethodusedtodrilldeepboreholesinrockformationsoftheearth’scrust.Thismethodiscomparativelynew,havingbeenfirstdevelopedbyaFrenchcivilengineer,RudolfLeschot,in1863[3].Themethodwasinitiallyusedtodrillwaterwellsusingfreshwaterasthecirculationfluid.Todaythismethodistheonlyrockdrillingtechniqueusedtodrilldeepboreholes（greaterthan3,000ft）.Itisnotknownwhenaircompressorswerefirstusedforthedrillingofwaterwells,butitisknownthatdeeppetroleumandnaturalgaswellsweredrilledutilizingportableaircompressorsinthe1920’s[4].PipelinegaswasusedtodrillanaturalgaswellinTexasin1935usingreversecirculationtechniques[5].

Todayrotarydrillingisusedtodrillavarietyofboreholes.Mostwaterwellsandenvironmentalmonitoringwellsdrilledintobedrockareconstructedusingrotarydrilling.Intheminingindustryrotarydrillingisusedtodrillorebodytestboreholesandpilotboreholesforguidinglargershaftborings.Rotarydrillingtechniquesareusedtodrillboreholesforwater,oil,gas,andotherfluidpipelinesthatneedtopassunderrivers,highways,andothernaturalandman-madeobstructions.Mostrecently,rotarydrillingisbeingusedtodrillboreholesforfiberopticsandothertelecommunicationlinesinobstacleriddenareassuchascitesandindustrialsites.Themostsophisticatedapplicationforrotarydrillingisthedrillingofdeepboreholesfortherecoveryofnaturalresourcessuchascrudeoil,naturalgas,andgeothermalsteamandwater.Drillingboreholesforfluidresourcerecoveryrequiresboreholesdrilledtodepthsof3,000fttoasmuchas20,000ft.

Rotarydrillingishighlyversatile.Therotarydrillingapplicationsgivenaboverequirethedrillingofigneous,metamorphic,andsedimentaryrock.However,thedeepdrillingofboreholesfortherecoveryofcrudeoilandnaturalgasarealmostexclusivelycarriedoutinsedimentaryrock.Boreholesfortherecoveryofgeothermalsteamandwaterareconstructedinallthreerocktypes.Therotarydrillingmethodrequirestheuseofarockcuttingorcrushingdrillbit.Figure1-1showsatypicalmilltoothtri-conerollerconebit.Thistypeofdrillbitusesmoreofacrushingactiontoadvancethebitintherock（seeChapter3formoredetails）.Thistypeofbitisusedprimarilyinthedrillingofsedimentaryrock.

Toadvancethedrillbitinrockrequirestheapplicationofanaxialforceonthebit（topushthebitintotherockface）,torqueonthebit（torotatethebitagainsttheresistanceoftherockface）,andcirculatingfluidtocleartherockcuttingsawayfromthebitasthebitgeneratesmorecuttingswithitsadvance（seeFigure1-2）.

Rotarydrillingiscarriedoutwithavarietyofdrillingrigs.Thesecanbesmall“single”rigs,orlarger“double”and“triple”rigs.Todaymostofthelandrotarydrillingrigsaremobileunitswithfoldingmasts.Asingledrillingrighasaverticalspaceinitsmastforonlyonejointofdrillpipe.Adoubledrillingrighasaverticalspaceinitsmastfortwojointsofdrillpipeandatripledrillingrigspaceforthreejoints.Table1-1givestheAPIlengthrangesfordrillcollarsanddrillpipe[6].

Figure1-3showsatypicalsingledrillingrig.Suchsmalldrillingrigsarehighlymobileandareusedprincipallytodrillshallow（lessthan3,000ftindepth）waterwells,environmentalmonitoringwells,miningrelatedboreholes,andothergeotechnicalboreholes.Thesesinglerigsareusuallyself-propelled.TheselfpropelleddrillingriginFigure1-3isaGeorgeE.FailingCompanyStar30K.

TheserigstypicallyuseRange1drillcollarsanddrillpipe.

Singlerigscanbefittedwitheitheranon-boardaircompressor,oranon-boardmudpump.Someoftheserigscanaccommodatebothsubsystems.Theserigshaveeitheradedicatedprimemoverontherigdeck,orhaveapower-take-offsystemwhichallowsutilizationofthetruckmotorasaprimemoverforthedrillingrigequipment（whenthetruckisstationary）.Thesesmalldrillingrigsprovideaxialforcetothedrillbitthroughthedrillstringviaachainorcableactuatedpull-downsystem,orhydraulicpull-downsystem.Apull-downsystemtransfersaportionoftheweightoftherigtothetopofthedrillstringandthentothedrillbit.Thetorqueandrotationatthetopofthedrillstringisprovidedbyahydraulictopheaddrive（similartopowerswivelsystemsusedonlargerdrillingrigs）whichismovedupanddownthemast（onatrack）bythechaindrivepull-downsystem.Manyof

thesesmallsingledrillingrigsarecapableofdrillingwiththeirmastsata45˚angletothevertical.Theprimemoverfortheserigsisusuallydieselfueled.

Figure1-4showsatypicaldoubledrillingrig.Suchdrillingrigsarealsomobileandcanbeself-propelledortrailermounted.Figure1-5showstheschematicofaself-propelleddoubledrillingrig.

ThetrailermounteddrillingriginFigure1-4isaGeorgeE.FailingCompanySS-40.Thesedoublerigshavethecapabilitytodrilltodepthsofapproximately10,000ftandareusedforoilandgasdrillingoperations,geothermaldrillingoperations,deepminingandgeotechnicaldrillingoperations,andwaterwells.DoublerigstypicallyuseRange2drillcollarsordrillpipe.Theserigsarefittedwithanon-boardprimemoverwhichoperatestherotarytable,drawworks,andmudpump.Theaxialforceonthedrillbitisprovidedbydrillcollars.Thetorqueandrotationatthetopofthedrillstringisprovidedbythekellyandtherotarytable.Thedoubledrillingrigshavea“crowsnest”or“derrickboard”nearlymidwayupthemast.Thisallowstheserigstopullstandsoftwodrillcollarjointsortwodrillpipejoints.Theserigscancarryoutdrillingoperationsusingdrillingmud（withthe

on-boardmudpump）orusingcompressedairorgasdrillingfluids（withexternalcompressors）.Afewofthesedrillingrigsarecapableofdrillingwiththeirmastsata45˚angletothevertical.Theprimemoverfortheserigsisusuallydieselfueled,butcaneasilybeconvertedtopropaneornaturalgasfuels.

Tripledrillingrigsareavailableinavarietyofconfigurations.Nearlyallofthesedrillingrigsareassembledanderectedfrompremanufacturedsections.Theverticaltowerstructureonthesedrillingrigsarecalledderricks.Thesmallertriplelandrigscandrilltoapproximately20,000ftandutilizeRange2drillcollarsanddrillpipe.Verylargetripledrillingrigsareusedonoffshoreplatforms.TheserigscanutilizeRange3drillcollarsanddrillpipe.

TheschematiclayoutinFigure1-5showsatypicalself-propelleddoubledrillingrig.Thisexamplerigisfittedwithamudpumpforcirculatingdrillingmud.Thereisavehicleenginethatisusedtopropeltherigovertheroad.Thesameengineisusedinapower-take-offmodetoprovidepowertotherotarytable,drawworks,andmudpump.Forthisrig,thispower-take-offengineoperatesahydraulicpumpwhichprovidesfluidtohydraulicmotorstooperatetherotarytable,

drawworks,andmudpump.The“crowsnest”onthemastindicatesthattherigiscapableofdrillingwithastandoftwojointsofdrillpipe.Thisdrillingrigutilizesarotarytableandakellytoprovidetorquetothetopofthedrillstring.Theaxialforceonthebitisprovidedbytheweightofthedrillcollarsatthebottomofthedrillstring（thereisnochainpull-downcapabilityforthisdrillingrig）.This

exampleschematicshowsarigwithon-boardequipmentthatcanprovideonlydrillingmudortreatedwaterasacirculatefluid.Thesmallaircompressoratthefrontoftherigdeckistooperatethepneumaticcontrolsoftherig.However,thisrigcaneasilybefittedforairandgasdrillingoperations.Thistypeofdrillingrig（alreadyfittedwithamudpump）,wouldrequireanauxiliaryhookuptoexternalaircompressor（s）tocarry