国际经济学答案Word下载.docx

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b.Theopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananasis3/2.Ittakesthreeunitsoflabortoharvestanapplebutonlytwounitsoflabortoharvestabanana.Ifoneforegoesharvestinganapple,thisfreesupthreeunitsoflabor.These3unitsoflaborcouldthenbeusedtoharvest1.5bananas.

c.Labormobilityensuresacommonwageineachsectorandcompetitionensuresthepriceofgoodsequalstheircostofproduction.Thus,therelativepriceequalstherelativecosts,whichequalsthewagetimestheunitlaborrequirementforapplesdividedbythewagetimestheunitlaborrequirementforbananas.Sincewagesareequalacrosssectors,thepriceratioequalstheratiooftheunitlaborrequirement,whichis3applesper2bananas.

2.a.Theproductionpossibilitycurveislinear,withtheinterceptontheappleaxisequalto160（800/5）andtheinterceptonthebananaaxisequalto800（800/1）.

b.Theworldrelativesupplycurveisconstructedbydeterminingthesupplyofapplesrelativetothesupplyofbananasateachrelativeprice.Thelowestrelativepriceatwhichapplesareharvestedis3applesper2bananas.Therelativesupplycurveisflatatthisprice.Themaximumnumberofapplessuppliedatthepriceof3/2is400suppliedbyHomewhile,atthisprice,Foreignharvests800bananasandnoapples,givingamaximumrelativesupplyatthispriceof1/2.Thisrelativesupplyholdsforanypricebetween3/2and5.Atthepriceof5,bothcountrieswouldharvestapples.Therelativesupplycurveisagainflatat5.Thus,therelativesupplycurveisstepshaped,flatattheprice3/2fromtherelativesupplyof0to1/2,verticalattherelativequantity1/2risingfrom3/2to5,andthenflatagainfrom1/2toinfinity.

3.a.Therelativedemandcurveincludesthepoints（1/5,5）,（1/2,2）,（1,1）,（2,1/2）.

b.Theequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisfoundattheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurves.Thisisthepoint（1/2,2）,wheretherelativedemandcurveintersectstheverticalsectionoftherelativesupplycurve.Thustheequilibriumrelativepriceis2.

c.Homeproducesonlyapples,Foreignproducesonlybananas,andeachcountrytradessomeofitsproductfortheproductoftheothercountry.

d.Intheabsenceoftrade,Homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andForeigncouldgainbyoneappleforegoingfivebananas.Tradeallowseachcountrytotradetwobananasforoneapple.HomecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhileForeigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.Eachcountryisbetteroffwithtrade.

4.TheincreaseinthenumberofworkersatHomeshiftsouttherelativesupplyschedulesuchthatthecornerpointsareat（1,3/2）and（1,5）insteadof（1/2,3/2）and（1/2,5）.Theintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesisnowinthelowerhorizontalsection,atthepoint（2/3,3/2）.Inthiscase,ForeignstillgainsfromtradebuttheopportunitycostofbananasintermsofapplesforHomeisthesamewhetherornotthereistrade,soHomeneithergainsnorlosesfromtrade.

5.Thisanswerisidenticaltothatin3.Theamountof"

effectivelabor"

hasnotchangedsincethedoublingofthelaborforceisaccompaniedbyahalvingoftheproductivityoflabor.

6.Thisstatementisjustanexampleofthepauperlaborargumentdiscussedinthechapter.Thepointisthatrelativewageratesdonotcomeoutofthinair;

theyaredeterminedbycomparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.Theboxinthechapterprovidesdatawhichshowsthestrongconnectionbetweenwagesandproductivity.Korea'

slowwagepresumablyreflectsthefactthatKoreaislessproductivethantheUnitedStatesinmostindustries.Asthetestexampleillustrated,ahighlyproductivecountrythattradeswithalessproductive,low-wagecountrywillraise,notlower,itsstandardofliving.

7.Theproblemwiththisargumentisthatitdoesnotusealltheinformationneededfordeterminingcomparativeadvantageinproduction:

thiscalculationinvolvesthefourunitlaborrequirements（forboththeindustryandservicesectors,notjustthetwofortheservicesector）.Itisnotenoughtocompareonlyservice'

sunitlaborrequirements.Ifals<

als*,Homelaborismoreefficientthanforeignlaborinservices.WhilethisdemonstratesthattheUnitedStateshasanabsoluteadvantageinservices,thisisneitheranecessarynorasufficientconditionfordeterminingcomparativeadvantage.Forthisdetermination,theindustryratiosarealsorequired.Thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydependsonboththerelativeproductivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries.

8.WhileJapaneseworkersmayearntheequivalentwagesofU.S.workers,thepurchasingpoweroftheirincomeisone-thirdless.Thisimpliesthatalthoughw=w*（moreorless）,p<

p*（since3p=p*）.SincetheUnitedStatesisconsiderablymoreproductiveinservices,servicepricesarerelativelylow.ThisbenefitsandenhancesU.S.purchasingpower.However,manyoftheseservicescannotbetransportedandhence,arenottraded.ThisimpliesthattheJapanesemaynotbenefitfromthelowerU.S.servicescosts,anddonotfaceaninternationalpricewhichislowerthantheirdomesticprice.Likewise,thepriceofservicesinUnitedStatesdoesnotincreasewiththeopeningoftradesincetheseservicesarenon-traded.Consequently,U.S.purchasingpowerishigherthanthatofJapanduetoitslowerpricesonnon-tradedgoods.

9.Gainsfromtradestillexistinthepresenceofnontradedgoods.Thegainsfromtradedeclineastheshareofnontradedgoodsincreases.Inotherwords,thehighertheportionofgoodswhichdonotenterinternationalmarketplace,thelowerthepotentialgainsfromtrade.Iftransportcostswerehighenoughsothatnogoodsweretradedthen,obviously,therewouldbenogainsfromtrade.

10.Theworldrelativesupplycurveinthiscaseconsistsofastepfunction,withasmany"

steps"

（horizontalportions）astherearecountrieswithdifferentunitlaborrequirementratios.Anycountriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexportthegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightoftheintersection.Iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalportionthenthecountrywiththatpriceratioproducesbothgoods.

Chapter3

1.TexasandLouisianaarestateswithlargeoil-producingsectors.Therealwageofoil-producingfactorsofproductionintermsofothergoodsfallswhenthepriceofoilfallsrelativetothepriceofothergoods.Thiswasthesourceofeconomicdeclineinthesestatesin1986.

2.Toanalyzetheeconomy'

sproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmixchangesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors.

a.Theproductionfunctionsforgoods1and2arestandardplotswithquantitiesontheverticalaxis,laboronthehorizontalaxis,andQ1=Q1（K1,L1）withslopeequaltotheMPL1,andonanothergraph,Q2=Q2（K2,L2）withslopeequaltotheMPL2.

Figure3-1

b.Tographtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,combinetheproductionfunctiondiagramswiththeeconomy'

sallocationoflaborinafourquadrantdiagram.Theeconomy'

sPPFisintheupperrighthandcorner,asisillustratedinthefourquadrantdiagramabove.ThePPFiscurvedduetodecliningmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.

3.a.Tosolvethisproblem,onecangraphthedemandcurveforlaborinsector1,representedby（w=MPL1=demandforL1）andthedemandcurveforlaborinsector2,representedby（w=MPL2=demandforL2）.Sincethetotalsupplyoflaborisgivenbythehorizontalaxis,thelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyL1=27andL2=73.Thewagerateisapproximately$0.98.

Figure3-2

b.Usethesametypeofgraphasinproblem2btoshowthatsectoraloutputisQ1=44andQ2=90.（Thisinvolvescombiningtheproductionfunctiondiagramswiththeeconomy'

sPPFisintheupperrighthandcorner,asillustratedinthetext.）

c.Useagraphoflabordemands,asinparta,toshowthattheintersectionofthedemandcurvesforlaboroccursatawagerateapproximatelyequalto$0.74.Therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:

laborisdrawnoutofproductionofgood2andentersproductionofgood1（L1=62,L2=38）.Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,wherebyproductionofgood2fallsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76units.

d.Withtherelativepricechangefromp2/p1=2top2/p1=1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenby50percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstayedthesame.Wageshavefallen,butbylessthanthefallinp2（wagesfellapproximately25percent）.Thus,therealwagerelativetop2actuallyriseswhiletorealwagerelativetop1falls.Hence,todeterminethewelfareconsequencesforworkers,informationisneededabouttheirconsumptionsharesofgood1andgood2.

4.Theboxdiagrampresentedbelowisausefultoolforshowingtheeffectsofincreasingthesupplyofthemobilefactorofproduction,labor.

a.Foraneconomyproducingtwogoods,XandY,withlabordemandsreflectedbytheirmarginalrevenueproductcurves,thereisaninitialwageofw1andaninitiallaborallocationofLx=OxAandLy=OyA.Whenthesupplyoflaborincreases,therightboundaryofthisdiagramispushedouttoOy'

.ThedemandforlaborinsectorYispulledrightwardwiththeboundary.Thenewintersectionofthelaborde