复数可数名词 PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNSWord格式.docx

复数可数名词 PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNSWord格式.docx

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Pluralcountablenounsaregenerallynotprecededbyadeterminerwhenreferringtosomethingnotmentionedbefore.

e.g.Branchesblockedourpath.

Cloudsweregatheringoverhead.

Suddenlywesawbuildingsinfrontofus.

Intheseexamples,thepluralnounsbranches,cloudsandbuildingsarenotprecededbydeterminers.Itisassumedthatthebranches,cloudsandbuildingshavenotbeenreferredtopreviously.

c.Namingaprofession

Whenasentencesuchasthefollowingisusedtonameaprofessionpractisedbytwoormorepeople,thenameoftheprofessionisinthepluralandisnotprecededbyadeterminer.

e.g.Theyaredoctors.

Myfriendsareelectricians.

Wewerechefs.

2.TheuseofThebeforepluralcountablenouns

a.Referringtosomethingmentionedbefore

Ingeneral,thehasthesamemeaningwhenusedwithpluralcountablenounsaswhenusedwithsingularcountablenouns.Forinstance,theisusedwithpluralcountablenounswhenreferringtosomethingwhichhasbeenmentionedbefore.

e.g.Fallenleavescoveredtheground.Theleavesrustledaswewalked.

Intheorchardwereapplesandpears.Theappleswerenearlyripe.

Thedoorsopened,andstudentsandteachersbeganleavingthebuilding.Thestudentsweretalkingandlaughing.

Intheseexamples,thefirsttimethewordsleaves,applesandstudentsappear,theyarenotprecededbydeterminers,becausethethingsreferredtohavenotbeenmentionedpreviously.Thesecondtimethewordsleaves,applesandstudentsappear,theyareprecededbythe,sincethethingsreferredtohavealreadybeenmentioned.

SeeExercise5.

b.Referringtosomethingwhenitisconsideredobviouswhatismeant

Theisusedwithpluralcountablenounswhenthespeakerorwriterconsidersitobviouswhichparticularpersonsorthingsaremeant.

e.g.Thestarsareshiningbrightly.

Therosesareblooming.

Wehaveputthechildrentobed.

Iwassittingonthefrontsteps.

Thesesentencesgiveexamplesoftheuseofthetorefertothingswhichareparticularlyimportanttothespeakerorwriter.Theexpressionthestarsusuallyreferstothestarswhichcanbeseenfromthepartoftheearthwhereonelives.Theexpressiontherosesmightrefertorosesinone'

sowngarden,ortorosesinwhichonefeelsaparticularinterest.Thechildrenmightrefertoone'

sownchildrenortochildrenforwhomoneisresponsible.Thefrontstepsmightrefertothefrontstepsofone'

sownhouse.

c.Namesofnationalities

Theissometimesusedwiththenameofanationalityinordertomakeageneralstatementaboutthepeopleofthatnationality.Apluralverbmustbeusedinsuchastatement.

Whenthenameofanationalityendsinthesoundofch,s,shorz,thenameofthenationalitymustusuallybeprecededbythe.

Nationality

Example

French

TheFrencharefamousfortheirfinewines.

Irish

TheIrishareknownaspoetsandsongwriters.

Whenthenameofanationalitydoesnotendinthesoundofch,s,shorz,thelettersmustbeaddedtotheendofthenamewhenitisusedinageneralstatement.Namesofnationalitiestowhichshasbeenaddedareoftenusedwithoutbeingprecededbythe.

Argentinian

Argentiniansliketoeatbeef.

Canadian

Canadianshaveatraditionofplayinghockey.

d.Adjectivesreferringtoclassesofpeople

Adjectivessuchasrichandpoorcanbeusedwiththeinordertorefertoagroupofpeopleasaclass.Apluralverbmustbeused.

e.g.Theblindattendspecialschools.

Thepoordonotowntheirownhomes.

Therichoftenmarriedformoney.

Intheaboveexamples,theblindhasthemeaningofblindpeople,thepoorhasthemeaningofpoorpeople,andtherichhasthemeaningofrichpeople.

Thefollowingtablesummarizesthemostimportantusesofthedeterminersa,an,andthewithsingularandpluralcountablenouns.

TheabsenceofadeterminerandtheuseofA,AnandThebeforecountablenouns

Use

SingularCountableNouns

PluralCountableNouns

AweakenedformofOne

a/an

Namingaprofession

nodeterminer

Makingageneralstatement

Somethingnotmentionedbefore

Somethingreferredtoasaclass

the

Somethingmentionedbefore

Whenitisobviouswhatismeant

Nationalitiesendinginch,se,sh

Adjectivesreferringtoclassesofpeople

SeeExercise6.

3.TheuseofThewithpropernouns

a.Namesofpeople

InEnglish,namesofpeopleinthesingulararenotusuallyprecededbyadeterminer.

e.g.WashingtonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.

JackandEleanorsawthemovie.

Determinersarealsousuallynotusedwhenatitleprecedesaperson'

sname.

DoctorDefoehasagoodreputation.

Mr.Carpenterisafriendofours.

Intheseexamples,thetitlesDoctorandMr.arenotprecededbydeterminers.

However,namesofpeopleinthepluralareusuallyprecededbythe.

e.g.TheSmithsliveinthathouse.

IhaveknowntheHarrisonsforyears.

b.Namesofplaces

InEnglish,theisusuallyusedbeforethefollowingtypesofplacename:

TypeofPlaceName

canal

desert

ocean

river

sea

pluralplacenames

placenamescontainingthewordof

Thefollowingareexamplesofnamesofcanals,deserts,oceans,rivers,andseas:

e.g.thePanamaCanal

theMojaveDesert

theAtlanticOcean

theSt.LawrenceRiver

theBeaufortSea

Thefollowingareexamplesofpluralplacenames:

e.g.theUnitedStates

theBritishIsles

theGreatLakes

theRockyMountains

Thefollowingareexamplesofplacenamescontainingthewordof:

e.g.theGulfofMexico

theCapeofGoodHope

theBayofBiscay

theIsleofWight

Othertypesofplacenameareusuallynotprecededbydeterminers.Forinstance,determinersareusuallynotusedbeforethefollowingtypesofplacename:

TypeofPlaceName

lake

LakeSuperior

island

ManhattanIsland

mountain

MountRainier

park

YosemiteNationalPark

city

Boston

street

MainStreet

country

Canada

state

Kansas

province

NovaScotia

county

HalifaxCounty

SeeExercise7.

4.Nounsusedonlyintheplural

SomeEnglishnounsareusuallyusedonlyintheplural.Suchnounstakeapluralverb,andgenerallyhaveapluralform.Forinstance,thefollowingnouns,whichallrefertoobjectswithtwoparts,areusuallyusedonlyintheplural:

e.g.jeans

pajamas

pliers

scissors

Ifitisdesiredtorefertosuchobjectsindividually,theexpressionpairofisoftenused.

e.g.apairofjeans

apairofpajamas

apairofpliers

apairofscissors

Whentheexpressionpairofisusedasthesubjectoftheverb,theverbmustagreewiththewordpair.

e.g.Jeansarefashionable.

Apairofjeansisexpensive.

Pliersareveryuseful.

Apairofpliersisoftenuseful.

Intheaboveexamples,thenounsjeansandplierstakethepluralverbare,andthenounpairtakesthesingularverbis.

SeeExercise8.

EXERCISESforChapter15

1.Rewritethefollowinggeneralstatementsusingsingularnouns.Makesurethattheverbsagreewiththeirsubjects.Forexample:

Engineersmustbefamiliarwithcomputers.

Anengineermustbefamiliarwithcomputers.

Treesproduceoxygen.

Atreeproducesoxygen.

1.Automobilesshouldbekeptingoodrepair.

2.Batslocateinsectsbymeansofsonar.

3.Diplomatsshould,ifpossible,bemultilingual.

4.Hatsareusefulincoldweather.

5.Physicistsmuststudyagreatdeal.

6.Elephantscanbedangerous.

Answers

2.Rewritethefollowinggeneralstatementsusingpluralnouns.Makesurethattheverbsagreewiththeirsubjects.Forexample:

Abicycleisaconvenientmeansoftransportation.

Bicyclesareaconvenientmeansoftransportation.

Asecretaryshouldbeproficientinspellingandgrammar.

Secretariesshouldbeproficientinspellingandgrammar.

1.Asportsmanneedstoremaincalmunderpressure.

2.Aneaglehasgoodeyesight.

3.Aconferencerequirescarefulplanning.

4.Arockiscomposedofminerals.

5.Apotatoisrichinstarch.

6.Anomeletteismadeofeggsandotheringredients.

3.Rewritethefollowingge