英语写作4主要知识点.docx
《英语写作4主要知识点.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语写作4主要知识点.docx(9页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![英语写作4主要知识点.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-4/24/d4dd92c2-76a7-4040-8270-82a63de7fb32/d4dd92c2-76a7-4040-8270-82a63de7fb321.gif)
英语写作4主要知识点
1Typesofresearch
(1)Accordingtoresearchintention
Theoreticalresearch:
itinvolvesattemptstoconstructtheoreticalmodels.
Appliedresearch:
itseekstoinvestigatetheapplicationsoftheseuniversallanguagerulestooneparticularlanguage.
(2)Accordingtothesourceofinformation
primary/empirical/fieldresearch:
itisthestudy
ofasubjectthroughfirsthandororiginalinformationobtainedfromobservationandinvestigation.
secondaryresearch:
itistheexaminationofstudiesthatotherresearchershavemadeofthesubjectofyourinterest.
2Howtofocusontopic
(1)followingyourinterests.Makethreelists:
----alistofsubjectsthatyoualreadyknowsomethingabout
----alistofnewsubjectsyouwishtoexplore
----alistofthoseitemsonthefirsttwoliststhatareappropriateforyou.
(2)breakingdownlargesubjects
Atopicisaspecificareawithinasubject,representingonethesisorcentralidea.Subjectsaretoobroadtobecoveredatlengthinapaper,soitshouldbebrokendown.
3Howtoaskquestions?
(1)questionsconcerningyourfamiliaritywiththetopic/subject
(2)questionsconcerningyouracademicbackgroundortraining
(3)questionsconcerningtheavailabilityoflibrarysources
(4)questionsconcerninggeneralevaluationofagiventextorbook
(5)questionsconcerningdetailedstudyofagiventextorbook
(6)questionsconcerningformulatingyourproposition/mainargument
(7)questionsconcerningoutliningyourthesis
4Formatofresearchpaper
(1)title
(2)abstract摘要
(3)introductionincludingReviewofLiterature引言
(4)Methods研究方法
(5)Results
(6)Discussion讨论
(7)ConclusionorRecommendations结论
(8)ReferencesorWorks参考文献
(9)Appendices
6CriteriainTopicSelection
(1)interestAresearchproject,suchasyourthesis,maylastforweeksorevenmonths.Tosurvivethislongundertaking,you'dbetterfindsomethingthatcansustainyouinterest.
(2)relevanceThetopicmusthavesomethingtodowithyourmajor.
(3)significanceThethesisisthefinalformalassignmentforyouruniversityeducationandshoulddemonstrateyourachievementtothehighestdegree.
(4)PracticalityYouhavetomakesurethatyouhaveenoughknowledge,resources,andenergytoresearchthetopicproperlyandpresentyourfindingsinadecentpaper.
8CommonFieldResearchMethods
(1)observation
planning:
why/what/howtoobserve
howtoequipyourself
observing:
anecdotalrecords
Checklist
Ratingscale按照程度设计问题
reporting报告
(2)Questionnaire
preparingthequestionnaire:
why/whomtoaskthequestions
Whattoincludeinthequestions
givingthequestionnaireouttothetargetpopulation
analysingandreportingtheresponses
designingeffectivequestionnaires
aStructureofquestionnaire:
1st.thepurposeofthisresearch
2nd.collectdataabouttherespondents
3rd.questions
4th.'thankyou'note
btypesofquestions
Close-endedquestion
Open-endedquestion
(3)interview
9Whytoaskquestions?
Thisisaboutthegoalofyourresearch.Youmusthavecleargoals.Forexample,students'opinionsaboutanewtextbookortheirmethodinwritingacompositioninatestingsituationmaybepossiblegoals.
11Componentsofaproposal
Title
Introduction
Literaturereview
Preliminaryoutline提纲
Bibliography参考文献
Methods
14FormatofOutline
Romannumerals/letters罗马数字,缩进
Decimalformat进位法
Romannumerals
例:
I.Heading
A.Subheading
1.2ndsubheading
2.2ndsubheading
a.3rdsubheading
b.3rdsubheading
B.Subheading
1.2ndsubheading
2.2ndsubheading
a.3rdsubheading
b.3rdsubheading
Decimalformat进位法
例:
1.0heading
1.1subheading
1.1.12ndsubheading
1.1.22ndsubheading
1.1.2.13rdsubheading
1.1.2.23rdsubheading
1.2subheading
1.2.12ndsubheading
1.2.22ndsubheading
1.2.2.13rdsubheading
1.2.2.23rdsubheading
15TypesofOutline
Topicoutline词活词组形式
Sentenceoutline句子(不能混搭)
16Constructionofanoutline
(1)generalsteps
GothroughtheideasyoupresentedintheProposal.
Listalltheideasthatrelatetoyourthesisorresearchquestion
Grouprelatedideastogetheraccordingtotheirguidingconcepts
Decideontheirmaincategories
Labeleachmaincategorywithheadings
Fillinthesubcategoriesforeachmaincategory.
Arrangethecategories,majororminorinlogicalorder,i.e.,fromgeneraltospecificorfromabstracttoconcrete.
(2)Principlesforwritinganoutline:
Parallelism:
平行,前后一致的结构
Beconsistentwiththeoutlineformatyouchoose
Beconsistentingrammaticalformwithincategories.
Coordination:
协调,要有逻辑性itisaboutarrangingideasaccordingtothervalueorimportance.
Subordination:
从属关系Itclarifiesthesignificanceandrelationshipofdifferentlevels.
Division:
划分标准Onlyonebasisofdivisionisusedineachrankandeachcategorymustconsistofaminimumoftwoentries.
19HowtowriteanAbstract.摘要,高度概括
Researchtopic/area
Researchpurpose
Backgroundinformation
Researchpurpose
Backgroundinformation
Researchmethods
Researchresults/findings
Researchmethods
Researchresults/findings
Conclusions/implications/recommendationsforfurtherresearch
20Howtowriteintroduction
Introducingthetopic
Reviewpreviousresearch
Focusingontheissueinquestion
Outliningpurpose/announcingpresentresearch
Indicatingresearchpaperstructure
21HowtowritetheMethodsection
Itdescribeshowresearchiscarriedout.ItconcernsWAHT(tool/instrument),WHO(subject),andHOW(datacollection,procedures)
22HowtowritetheResultssection
TheResultssectionperformstwofunctions:
datapresentationanddatadescription.
23HowtowritetheConclusionsection
TheConclusionsectionhasthreeelements:
restatement,summary,futureresearchdirections.
RestatementmeansthattheConclusionsectionrestatetheresearchpurpose/intention,somebackgroundinformation.
Summaryreferstoaconcisenarrationoftheresearchdesign,results,interpretationandimplications.
Futureresearchdirectionismainlyconcernedwithtwopoints:
(1)limitationsofthestudyand
(2)tentativeproposalsforfutureresearch.
5page10:
第6大题
7page22:
第2题
10Page68:
第2题
12Page88:
第2.3.4题
13写outline
17Page102:
第3题
18Page103:
第4,5题
24Page123:
第1题
25Page127:
第4.5.6.7题
26Page137&138:
27Page147:
第2题
28Page152