美国文学史及选读的名词解释全Word文档格式.docx

美国文学史及选读的名词解释全Word文档格式.docx

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3.Romanticism:

theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassicalwriting.WhenitwasusedinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）thesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birthanddeath.TheRomanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.

4.2.Transcendentalism（先验说,超越论）:

isaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asareactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism（理性主义and喀尔文主义）.MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.

5.Localcolorism:

asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial（详细的）authenticity（确实性）,aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize（使不朽）thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular（本国语）languageandsatirical（讽刺的）humor

6.Streamofconsciousness（意识流）：

Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。

7.AmericanRealism:

InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience

8.Naturalism:

Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;

bythesocialupheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.

9.Imagism（意象派）:

It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.

10.Modernism：

Itwasacomplexanddiverse（复杂多样的）internationalmovementinallthecreativearts（创造性艺术），originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovided（出现）thegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets（方面），suchassymbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ect

11.TheLostgeneration：

itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）bothphysically（身体上）andmentally（精神上）.Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themselvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）.ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.

12.AmericanDream:

Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识界精华）andthefreedomsguaranteedbytheU.S.BillofRights.

13.TheHarlemRenaissance：

referstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanliterature,art,anddramaduringthe1920sand1930s.ThoughcenteredinHarlem,NewYork,themovementimpactedurbancentersthroughouttheUnitedStates.Blacknovelists,poets,painters,andplaywrightsbegancreatingworksrootedintheirowncultureinsteadofimitatingthestylesofEuropeansandwhiteAmericans.

14.Blackhumor:

thetermblackhumorwascreatedin1920s,butitwasnotnoticeduntil1960s.itwasparticularlyaliteraryphenomenoninAmericaafterWWⅡ.Blackhumor,inliterature,isdrama,novel,andfilm,grotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicface.JoseghHellerandKuryVonnegutarefamousfortheirnovelsofblackhumor.EspeciallyHeller’sCatch—22.

13：

Freeverseisaformofpoetrythatdoesnotuseconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.Itthustendstofollowtherhythmofnaturalspeech.[1]

Poetshaveexplainedthatfreeverse,despiteitsfreedom,isnotfree.Freeversedisplayssomeelementsofform.Mostfreeverse,forexample,self-evidentlycontinuestoobserveaconventionofthepoeticlineinsomesense,atleastinwrittenrepresentations,thoughretainingapotentialdegreeoflinkage,howevernebulous,withmoretraditionalforms.

DonaldHallgoesasfarastosaythat"

theformoffreeverseisasbindingandasliberatingastheformofarondeau,"

[2]andT.S.Eliotwrote,"

Noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob."

[3]

Somepoetshaveconsideredfreeverserestrictiveinitsownway.In1922RobertBridgesvoicedhisreservationsintheessay'

HumdrumandHarum-Scarum.'

RobertFrostlaterremarkedthatwritingfreeversewaslike"

playingtenniswithoutanet."

WilliamCarlosWilliamssaidbeinganartform,versecannotbefreeinthesenseofhavingnolimitationsorguidingprinciples.[4]

AnOverviewofAmericanLiterature

1.Colonialperiod（early17th—late18th）

2.Romanticperiod（firsthalfof19th）

3.Realism（after1865）

4.Naturalism（lastdecadeofthe19th）

5.Modernism（thefirsthalfofthe20th）

AmericanLiteratureTheLiteratureoftheColonialPeriod

ThefirstviewofAmerica

Beingthuspassedthevastocean,andaseaoftroubles…theyhadnownofriendstowelcomethemnorinnstoentertainorrefreshtheirweatherbeatenbodies;

nohousesormuchlesstownstorepairto,toseekforsuccour…savagebarbarianswerereadiertofilltheirsideswitharrowsthanotherwise.Andforthereasonitwaswinter,andtheythatknowthewintersofthatcountry,knowthemtobesharpandviolent,andsubjecttocruelandfiercestorms…thewholecountry,fullofwoodsandthickets,representedawideandsavagehue.

--fromWilliamBradford’sHistoryofPlimmothPlantation

AWealthofNaturalResources

Heisabadfisherwhocannotkillononedaywithhishookeandline,one,two,orthreehundredCods.

--JohnSmith,ADescriptionofNewEngland

AsupofNewEngland’sairisbetterthanawholedraftofoldEngland’sale.

--FrancisHigginson,New-England’sPlanatation

TheColonies

Jamestown,Virginia1607NewEngland1620MassachusettsBay1630

AmericanPuritanism

“Puritans”

AmericanPuritanism

AmericanPuritanismstressedpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonementfromGod’sgrace.

Awayoflifethatstressedhardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety.

“Hewasavisionarywhoneverforgetthattwoplustwoequalsfour;

hewasasoldierofJehovahwhonevercameoutonthelosingsideofabargain…Hewasapracticalidealist…HiscreedwastherevealedwordofGodandhislifewastheruleofmoderation;

hisbeliefswerehandeddownonhighandhisconductwasregulatedbyexpediency.Hewasadoctrinaireandanopportunist.”

LiteratureofEarlySettlements

AliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism.

Typesofwriting:

histories,travelaccounts,biographies,diaries,letters,autobiographies,sermons,andpoem