全国大学英语四级考试试题Word格式.docx
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Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage。
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage。
WillWeRunOutofWater?
Picturea“ghostship”sinkingintothesand,lefttorotondrylandbyarecedingsea.Thenimagineduststormssweepinguptoxicpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersfromthedryseabedandspewingthemacrosstownsandvillages。
Seemlikeascenefromamovieabouttheendoftheworld?
ForpeoplelivingneartheAralSeainCentralAsia,it’salltooreal.Thirtyyearsago,governmentplannersdivertedtheriversthatflowintotheseainordertoirrigate(providewaterfor)farmland.Asaresult,theseahasshrunktohalfitsoriginalsize,strandingshipsondryland.Theseawaterhastripledinsaltcontentandbecomepolluted,killingall24nativespeciesoffish。
Similarlarge-scaleeffortstoredirectwaterinotherpartsoftheworldhavealsoendedinecologicalcrisis,accordingtonumerousenvironmentalgroups.Butmanycountriescontinuetobuildmassivedamsandirrigationsystems,eventhoughsuchprojectscancreatemoreproblemsthantheyfix.Why?
Peopleinmanypartsoftheworldaredesperateforwater,andmorepeoplewillneedmorewaterinthenextcentury。
“Growingpopulationswillworsenproblemswithwater,”saysPeterH.Gleick,anenvironmentalscientistatthePacificInstituteforstudiesinDevelopment,Environment,andSecurity,aresearchorganizationinCalifornia.Hefearsthatbytheyear2025,asmanyasonethirdoftheworld’sprojected8.3billionpeoplewillsufferfromwatershortages。
WhereWaterGoes
Only2.5percentofallwateronEarthisfreshwater,watersuitablefordrinkingandgrowingfood,saysSandraPostel,directoroftheGlobalWaterPolicyProjectinAmherst,Mass.Twothirdsofthisfreshwaterislockedinglaciersandicecaps.Infact,onlyatinypercentageoffreshwaterispartofthewatercycle,inwhichwaterevaporatesandrisesintotheatmosphere,thencondensesandfallsbacktoEarthasprecipitation(rainorsnow)。
Someprecipitationrunsofflandtolakesandoceans,andsomebecomesgroundwater,waterthatseepsintotheearth.MuchofthisrenewablefreshwaterendsupinremoteplacesliketheAmazonriverbasininBrazil,wherefewpeoplelive.Infact,theworld’spopulationhasaccesstoonly12,500cubickilometersoffreshwater—abouttheamountofwaterinLakeSuperior.Andpeopleusehalfofthisamountalready.“Ifwaterdemandcontinuestoclimbrapidly,”saysPostel,“therewillbesevereshortagesanddamagetotheaquaticenvironment。
”
ClosetoHome
WaterwoesmayseemremotetopeoplelivinginrichcountriesliketheUnitedStates.ButAmericanscouldfaceseriouswatershortages,tooespeciallyinareasthatrelyongroundwater.Groundwateraccumulatesinaquifers,layersofsandandgravelthatliebetweensoilandbedrock.(Foreveryliterofsurfacewater,morethan90litersarehiddenunderground。
)AlthoughtheUnitedStateshaslargeaquifers,farmers,ranchers,andcitiesaretappingmanyofthemforwaterfasterthannaturecanreplenishit.InnorthwestTexas,forexample,overpumpinghasshrunkgroundwatersuppliesby25percent,accordingtoPostel。
Americansmayfaceevenmoreurgentproblemsfrompollution.DrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesisgenerallysafeandmeetshighstandards.Nevertheless,oneinfiveAmericanseverydayunknowinglydrinkstapwatercontaminatedwithbacteriaandchemicalwastes,accordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InMilwaukee,400,000peoplefellillin1993afterdrinkingtapwatertaintedwithcryptosporidium,amicrobethatcausesfever,diarrheaandvomiting。
TheSource
Wheredocontaminantscomefrom?
Indevelopingcountries,peopledumprawsewageintothesamestreamsandriversfromwhichtheydrawwaterfordrinkingandcooking;
about250millionpeopleayeargetsickfromwaterbornediseases。
Indevelopedcountries,manufacturersuse100,000chemicalcompoundstomakeawiderangeofproducts.Toxicchemicalspollutewaterwhenreleaseduntreatedintoriversandlakes.(Certaincompounds,suchaspolychlorinatedbiphenyls,orPCBs,havebeenbannedintheUnitedStates。
)
Butalmosteveryonecontributestowaterpollution.Peopleoftenpourhouseholdcleaners,carantifreeze,andpaintthinnersdownthedrain;
allofthesecontainhazardouschemicals.ScientistsstudyingwaterintheSanFranciscoBayreportedin1996that70percentofthepollutantscouldbetracedtohouseholdwaste。
Farmershavebeencriticizedforoverusingherbicidesandpesticides,chemicalsthatkillweedsandinsectsbutthatpollutewateraswell.Farmersalsousenitrates,nitrogen-richfertilizerthathelpplantsgrowbutthatcanwreakhavocontheenvironment.Nitratesaresweptawaybysurfacerunofftolakesandseas.Toomanynitrates“overenrich”thesebodiesofwater,encouragingthebuildupofalgae,ormicroscopicplantsthatliveonthesurfaceofthewater.Algaedeprivethewaterofoxygenthatfishneedtosurvive,attimeschokingofflifeinanentirebodyofwater。
What’stheSolution?
WaterexpertGleickadvocatesconservationandlocalsolutionstowater-relatedproblems;
governments,forinstance,wouldbebetteroffbuildingsmall-scaledamsratherthanhugeanddisruptiveprojectsliketheonethatruinedtheAralSea。
“Morethan1billionpeopleworldwidedon’thaveaccesstobasiccleandrinkingwater,”saysGleick。
“Therehastobeastrongpushonthepartofeveryone—governmentsandordinarypeople—tomakesurewehavearesourcesofundamentaltolife。
1.ThatthehugewaterprojectshavedivertedtheriverscausestheAralSeatoshrink。
2.Theconstructionofmassivedamsandirrigationprojectsdoesmoregoodthanharm。
3.Thechiefcausesofwatershortagearepopulationgrowthandwaterpollution。
4.TheproblemsAmericansfaceconcerningwateraregroundwatershrinkageandtapwaterpollution。
5.Accordingtothepassageallwaterpollutantscomefromhouseholdwaste。
6.ThepeoplelivingintheUnitedStateswillnotbefacedwithwatershortages。
7.WaterexpertGleickhascomeupwiththebestsolutiontowater-relatedproblems。
1.[Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]4.[Y][N][NG]
5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]7.[Y][N][NG]
8.AccordingtoPeterH.Gleick,bytheyear2025,asmanyasoftheworld’speoplewillsufferfromwatershortages。
9.TwothirdsofthefreshwateronEarthislockedin。
10.Indevelopedcountries,beforetoxicchemicalsarereleasedintoriversandlakes,theyshouldbetreatedinordertoavoid。
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre。
11.[A]Waitforthesaletostart。
[B]Getfurtherinformationaboutthesale。
[C]CalltheTVstationtobesureiftheadistrue。
[D]Buyanewsuit。
12.[A]Hedoesn’tthinkthatJohnisill。
[B]HethinksthatperhapsJohnisnotinverygoodhealth。
[C]HeisawarethatJohnisill。
[D]Hedoesn’tthinkthatJohnhasaverygoodknowledgeofphysics。
13.[A]Beforesix。
[B]Atsix。
[C]Aftersix。
[D]Afterseven。
14.[A]Itisbigger。
[B]Ithasaprettiercolor。
[C]Ithasalargeryard。
[D]Itisbrighter。
15.[A]AustralianandAmerican。
[B]Guestandhost。
[C]Husbandandwife。
[D]Professorandstudent。
16.[A]1∶30.
[B]11∶00.
[C]9∶30.
[D]10∶00.
17.[A]Heprefersstayingathomebecausethebusistoolate。
[B]Heprefersstayingathomebecausehedoesn’tliketotravel。
[C]Hepreferstakingabusbecausetheplanemakeshimnervous。
[D]Hepreferstravelingwiththewoman。
18.[A]Hethinkssheshouldvisithercousin。
[B]Hercousindoesn’tvisitveryoften。
[C]Hercousinisfeelingalotbettertoday。
[D]Hedoesn’tthinkhercousinhasbeenathometoday。
Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard。
19.[A]Twodifferenttypesofbonesinthehumanbody。
[B]Howboneshelpthebodymove。
[C]Howbonescontinuouslyrepairthemselves。
[D]Thechemicalcompositionofhumanbones。
20.[A]Theydefendtheboneagainstviruses。
[B]Theypreventoxygenfromenteringthebone。
[C]Theybreakdownbonetissue。
[D]Theyconnectthebonetomuscletissue。
21.[A]Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingthesecells。
[B]Theyaren’tsurehowthesecellswork。
[C]They’velearnedhowtoreproducethesecells。
[D]They’vefoundsimilarcellsinotherspecies。
22.[A]Tolearnhowtopreventabonedisease。
[B]Tounderstanddifferencesbetweenbonetissueandothertissue。