全国大学英语四级考试试题Word格式.docx

全国大学英语四级考试试题Word格式.docx

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　　Forquestions1-7,mark

　　Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

　　N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

　　NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage。

　　Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage。

　　WillWeRunOutofWater?

　　Picturea“ghostship”sinkingintothesand,lefttorotondrylandbyarecedingsea.Thenimagineduststormssweepinguptoxicpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersfromthedryseabedandspewingthemacrosstownsandvillages。

　　Seemlikeascenefromamovieabouttheendoftheworld?

ForpeoplelivingneartheAralSeainCentralAsia,it’salltooreal.Thirtyyearsago,governmentplannersdivertedtheriversthatflowintotheseainordertoirrigate（providewaterfor）farmland.Asaresult,theseahasshrunktohalfitsoriginalsize,strandingshipsondryland.Theseawaterhastripledinsaltcontentandbecomepolluted,killingall24nativespeciesoffish。

　　Similarlarge-scaleeffortstoredirectwaterinotherpartsoftheworldhavealsoendedinecologicalcrisis,accordingtonumerousenvironmentalgroups.Butmanycountriescontinuetobuildmassivedamsandirrigationsystems,eventhoughsuchprojectscancreatemoreproblemsthantheyfix.Why?

Peopleinmanypartsoftheworldaredesperateforwater,andmorepeoplewillneedmorewaterinthenextcentury。

　　“Growingpopulationswillworsenproblemswithwater,”saysPeterH.Gleick,anenvironmentalscientistatthePacificInstituteforstudiesinDevelopment,Environment,andSecurity,aresearchorganizationinCalifornia.Hefearsthatbytheyear2025,asmanyasonethirdoftheworld’sprojected8.3billionpeoplewillsufferfromwatershortages。

　　WhereWaterGoes

　　Only2.5percentofallwateronEarthisfreshwater,watersuitablefordrinkingandgrowingfood,saysSandraPostel,directoroftheGlobalWaterPolicyProjectinAmherst,Mass.Twothirdsofthisfreshwaterislockedinglaciersandicecaps.Infact,onlyatinypercentageoffreshwaterispartofthewatercycle,inwhichwaterevaporatesandrisesintotheatmosphere,thencondensesandfallsbacktoEarthasprecipitation（rainorsnow）。

　　Someprecipitationrunsofflandtolakesandoceans,andsomebecomesgroundwater,waterthatseepsintotheearth.MuchofthisrenewablefreshwaterendsupinremoteplacesliketheAmazonriverbasininBrazil,wherefewpeoplelive.Infact,theworld’spopulationhasaccesstoonly12,500cubickilometersoffreshwater—abouttheamountofwaterinLakeSuperior.Andpeopleusehalfofthisamountalready.“Ifwaterdemandcontinuestoclimbrapidly,”saysPostel,“therewillbesevereshortagesanddamagetotheaquaticenvironment。

”

　　ClosetoHome

　　WaterwoesmayseemremotetopeoplelivinginrichcountriesliketheUnitedStates.ButAmericanscouldfaceseriouswatershortages,tooespeciallyinareasthatrelyongroundwater.Groundwateraccumulatesinaquifers,layersofsandandgravelthatliebetweensoilandbedrock.（Foreveryliterofsurfacewater,morethan90litersarehiddenunderground。

）AlthoughtheUnitedStateshaslargeaquifers,farmers,ranchers,andcitiesaretappingmanyofthemforwaterfasterthannaturecanreplenishit.InnorthwestTexas,forexample,overpumpinghasshrunkgroundwatersuppliesby25percent,accordingtoPostel。

　　Americansmayfaceevenmoreurgentproblemsfrompollution.DrinkingwaterintheUnitedStatesisgenerallysafeandmeetshighstandards.Nevertheless,oneinfiveAmericanseverydayunknowinglydrinkstapwatercontaminatedwithbacteriaandchemicalwastes,accordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.InMilwaukee,400,000peoplefellillin1993afterdrinkingtapwatertaintedwithcryptosporidium,amicrobethatcausesfever,diarrheaandvomiting。

　　TheSource

　　Wheredocontaminantscomefrom?

Indevelopingcountries,peopledumprawsewageintothesamestreamsandriversfromwhichtheydrawwaterfordrinkingandcooking;

about250millionpeopleayeargetsickfromwaterbornediseases。

　　Indevelopedcountries,manufacturersuse100,000chemicalcompoundstomakeawiderangeofproducts.Toxicchemicalspollutewaterwhenreleaseduntreatedintoriversandlakes.（Certaincompounds,suchaspolychlorinatedbiphenyls,orPCBs,havebeenbannedintheUnitedStates。

）

　　Butalmosteveryonecontributestowaterpollution.Peopleoftenpourhouseholdcleaners,carantifreeze,andpaintthinnersdownthedrain;

allofthesecontainhazardouschemicals.ScientistsstudyingwaterintheSanFranciscoBayreportedin1996that70percentofthepollutantscouldbetracedtohouseholdwaste。

　　Farmershavebeencriticizedforoverusingherbicidesandpesticides,chemicalsthatkillweedsandinsectsbutthatpollutewateraswell.Farmersalsousenitrates,nitrogen-richfertilizerthathelpplantsgrowbutthatcanwreakhavocontheenvironment.Nitratesaresweptawaybysurfacerunofftolakesandseas.Toomanynitrates“overenrich”thesebodiesofwater,encouragingthebuildupofalgae,ormicroscopicplantsthatliveonthesurfaceofthewater.Algaedeprivethewaterofoxygenthatfishneedtosurvive,attimeschokingofflifeinanentirebodyofwater。

　　What’stheSolution?

　　WaterexpertGleickadvocatesconservationandlocalsolutionstowater-relatedproblems;

governments,forinstance,wouldbebetteroffbuildingsmall-scaledamsratherthanhugeanddisruptiveprojectsliketheonethatruinedtheAralSea。

　　“Morethan1billionpeopleworldwidedon’thaveaccesstobasiccleandrinkingwater,”saysGleick。

“Therehastobeastrongpushonthepartofeveryone—governmentsandordinarypeople—tomakesurewehavearesourcesofundamentaltolife。

　　1.ThatthehugewaterprojectshavedivertedtheriverscausestheAralSeatoshrink。

　　2.Theconstructionofmassivedamsandirrigationprojectsdoesmoregoodthanharm。

　　3.Thechiefcausesofwatershortagearepopulationgrowthandwaterpollution。

　　4.TheproblemsAmericansfaceconcerningwateraregroundwatershrinkageandtapwaterpollution。

　　5.Accordingtothepassageallwaterpollutantscomefromhouseholdwaste。

　　6.ThepeoplelivingintheUnitedStateswillnotbefacedwithwatershortages。

　　7.WaterexpertGleickhascomeupwiththebestsolutiontowater-relatedproblems。

　　1.[Y][N][NG]2.[Y][N][NG]3.[Y][N][NG]4.[Y][N][NG]

　　5.[Y][N][NG]6.[Y][N][NG]7.[Y][N][NG]

　　8.AccordingtoPeterH.Gleick,bytheyear2025,asmanyasoftheworld’speoplewillsufferfromwatershortages。

　　9.TwothirdsofthefreshwateronEarthislockedin。

　　10.Indevelopedcountries,beforetoxicchemicalsarereleasedintoriversandlakes,theyshouldbetreatedinordertoavoid。

　　PartIIIListeningComprehension（35minutes）

　　SectionA

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre。

　　11.[A]Waitforthesaletostart。

　　[B]Getfurtherinformationaboutthesale。

　　[C]CalltheTVstationtobesureiftheadistrue。

　　[D]Buyanewsuit。

　　12.[A]Hedoesn’tthinkthatJohnisill。

　　[B]HethinksthatperhapsJohnisnotinverygoodhealth。

　　[C]HeisawarethatJohnisill。

　　[D]Hedoesn’tthinkthatJohnhasaverygoodknowledgeofphysics。

　　13.[A]Beforesix。

　　[B]Atsix。

　　[C]Aftersix。

　　[D]Afterseven。

　　14.[A]Itisbigger。

　　[B]Ithasaprettiercolor。

　　[C]Ithasalargeryard。

　　[D]Itisbrighter。

　　15.[A]AustralianandAmerican。

　　[B]Guestandhost。

　　[C]Husbandandwife。

　　[D]Professorandstudent。

　　16.[A]1∶30.

　　[B]11∶00.

　　[C]9∶30.

　　[D]10∶00.

　　17.[A]Heprefersstayingathomebecausethebusistoolate。

　　[B]Heprefersstayingathomebecausehedoesn’tliketotravel。

　　[C]Hepreferstakingabusbecausetheplanemakeshimnervous。

　　[D]Hepreferstravelingwiththewoman。

　　18.[A]Hethinkssheshouldvisithercousin。

　　[B]Hercousindoesn’tvisitveryoften。

　　[C]Hercousinisfeelingalotbettertoday。

　　[D]Hedoesn’tthinkhercousinhasbeenathometoday。

　　Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard。

　　19.[A]Twodifferenttypesofbonesinthehumanbody。

　　[B]Howboneshelpthebodymove。

　　[C]Howbonescontinuouslyrepairthemselves。

　　[D]Thechemicalcompositionofhumanbones。

　　20.[A]Theydefendtheboneagainstviruses。

　　[B]Theypreventoxygenfromenteringthebone。

　　[C]Theybreakdownbonetissue。

　　[D]Theyconnectthebonetomuscletissue。

　　21.[A]Theyhavedifficultyidentifyingthesecells。

　　[B]Theyaren’tsurehowthesecellswork。

　　[C]They’velearnedhowtoreproducethesecells。

　　[D]They’vefoundsimilarcellsinotherspecies。

　　22.[A]Tolearnhowtopreventabonedisease。

　　[B]Tounderstanddifferencesbetweenbonetissueandothertissue。