耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论英文字幕 transcript03Word下载.docx

耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论英文字幕 transcript03Word下载.docx

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Now,oneofthesethings--Oneofthethingsthatmakesthesetheoriessointerestingistheirscope.Mostoftheworkwe'

regoingtotalkaboutinthisclass--Mostoftheideasarenarrow.So,we'

regoingtotalkaboutsomebody'

sideaaboutracialprejudicebutthat'

snotatheoryoflanguageacquisition.We'

lltalkabouttheoriesofschizophreniabutthey'

renotexplanationsofsexualattractiveness.Mosttheoriesarespecializedtheoriesbutthesetwoviewsaregrandtheories.They'

retheoriesofeverything,encompassingjustabouteverythingthatmatters,day-to-daylife,childdevelopment,mentalillness,religion,war,love.FreudandSkinnerhadexplanationsofallofthese.

Now,thisisnotahistorycourse.Ihavezerointerestindescribinghistoricalfiguresinpsychologyjustforthesakeoftellingyouaboutthehistoryofthefield.WhatIwanttotellyouaboutthoughis--Iwanttotalkabouttheseideasbecausesomuchrestsonthemand,evenmoreimportantly,alotoftheseideashavecriticalinfluenceonhowwethinkaboutthepresent.Andthat'

sthere.[pointingattheslide]

Now,forbetterorworse,weliveinaworldprofoundlyaffectedbySigmundFreud.IfIhadtoaskyoutochoosea--no,nameafamouspsychologist,theanswerofmostofyouwouldbeFreud.He'

sthemostfamouspsychologisteverandhe'

shadaprofoundinfluenceonthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcentury.Somebiographicalinformation:

Hewasborninthe1850s.HespentmostofhislifeinVienna,Austria,buthediedinLondonandheescapedtoLondonsoonafterretreatingthereatthebeginningofWorldWarIIastheNazisbegantooccupywherehelived.

He'

soneofthemostfamousscholarseverbuthe'

snotknownforanysinglediscovery.Instead,he'

sknownforthedevelopmentofanencompassingtheoryofmind,onethathedevelopedoverthespanofmanydecades.Hewasinhistimeextremelywellknown,acelebrityrecognizedonthestreet,andthroughouthislife.Hewasamanofextraordinaryenergyandproductivity,inpartbecausehewasaveryseriouscocaineaddict,butalsojustingeneral.Hewasjustahigh-energysortofperson.HewasupfortheNobelPrizeinmedicineandinliterature;

didn'

tgeteitheroneofthem;

tgettheprizeinmedicinebecauseAlbertEinstein--EverybodylovesAlbertEinstein.Well,AlbertEinsteinreallywrotealetterbecausetheyaskedforopinionsofotherNobelPrizes.Hewrotealettersaying,"

Don'

tgivetheprizetoFreud.Hedoesn'

tdeserveaNobelPrize.He'

sjustapsychologist."

Well,yeah.Okay.

Whilehe'

salmostuniversallyacclaimedasaprofoundlyimportantintellectualfigure,he'

salsotheobjectofconsiderabledislike.Thisisinpartbecauseofhischaracter.Hewasnotaverynicemaninmanyways.Hewasdeeplyambitioustothecauseofpromotingpsychoanalysis,tothecauseofpresentinghisviewanddefendingit,andhewasoftendishonest,extremelybrutaltohisfriends,andterribletohisenemies.Hewasaninterestingcharacter.

MyfavoriteFreudstorywasashewasleavingEuropeduringtheriseoftheNazis,ashewasreadytogotoEnglandfrom,Ithink,eitherGermanyorAustria,hehadtosignaletterfromtheGestapo.GestapoagentsinterceptedhimanddemandedhesignalettersayingthatatnopointhadhebeenthreatenedorharassedbytheGestapo.Sohesignstheletterandthenhewritesunderneathit,"

TheGestapohasnotharmedmeinanyway.Infact,IhighlyrecommendtheGestapotoeverybody."

It'

s--Hehadacertainaggressiontohim.Hewasalso--He'

salsodisliked,oftenhated,becauseofhisviews.Hewasseenasasexualrenegadeouttodestroytheconceptionofpeopleasgoodandrationalandpurebeings.AndwhentheNazisrosetopowerinthe1930shewasidentifiedasaJewwhowasdevotedtodestroyingthemostsacrednotionsofChristianityandtomany,tosomeextent,manypeopleseehimthisway.Andtosomeextent,thisaccusationhassometruthtoit.

Freudmadeclaimsaboutpeoplethatmanyofus,maybemostofus,wouldrathernotknow.Well,okay.Whatdidhesay?

Well,ifyouasksomebodywhodoesn'

tlikeFreudwhathesaid,they'

lldescribesomeofthestupiderthingshesaidand,infact,Freudsaidalotofthings,someofwhichwerenotveryrational.Forinstance,he'

swellknownforhisaccountofphallicsymbols,arguingcertainarchitecturalmonumentsaresubconsciouslydevelopedaspenilerepresentations.Andrelatedtothis,hedevelopedthenotorioustheoryofpenisenvy.Andpenisenvyisanaccountofadevelopmentalstatethateveryoneofyouwhoisfemalehasgonethrough,accordingtoFreud.Andtheideaisthatyoudiscoveredatsomepointinyourdevelopmentthatyoulackedapenis.Thisisnot--Thisisacatastrophe.Andso,eachofyouinferredatthatpointthatyouhadbeencastrated.Youhadoncehadapenisbutsomebodyhadtakenitfromyou.Youthenturntoyourfatherandloveyourfatherbecauseyourfatherhasapenis,sohe'

sasortofpenissubstitute.Yourejectyourmother,who'

sequallyunworthyduetoherpenislack,andthatshapesyourpsychosexualdevelopment.

Now,ifthat'

sthesortofthingyouknowaboutFreud,youarenotgoingtohaveaveryhighopinionofhimorofhiswork,butatthecoreofFreud'

sdeclamation,themoreinterestingideas,isasetofclaimsofaman'

sintellectualimportance.Andthetwomainonesarethis.Thetwomainonesinvolvetheexistenceofanunconscious,unconsciousmotivation,andthenotionofunconsciousdynamicsorunconsciousconflictwhichleadtomentalillnesses,dreams,slipsofthetongueandsoon.

Thefirstidea鈥�theideaofunconsciousmotivation鈥�involvesrejectingtheclaimthatyouknowwhatyou'

redoing.So,supposeyoufallinlovewithsomebodyandyoudecideyouwanttomarrythemandthensomebodywasaskedtoaskyouwhyandyou'

dsaysomethinglike,"

Well,I'

mreadytogetmarriedthisstageofmylife;

Ireallylovetheperson;

thepersonissmartandattractive;

Iwanttohavekids"

whatever.Andmaybethisistrue.ButaFreudianmightsaythatevenifthisisyourhonestanswer鈥�you'

renotlyingtoanybodyelse鈥搒till,therearedesiresandmotivationsthatgovernyourbehaviorthatyoumaynotbeawareof.So,infact,youmightwanttomarryJohnbecauseheremindsyouofyourfatherorbecauseyouwanttogetbackatsomebodyforbetrayingyou.

Ifsomebodywastotellyouthis,you'

dsay,"

That'

stotalnonsense,"

butthatwouldn'

tdeteraFreudian.TheFreudianwouldsaythattheseprocessesareunconscioussoofcourseyoujustdon'

tknowwhat'

shappening.So,theradicalideahereisyoumightnotknowwhat--whyyoudowhatyoudoandthisissomethingweacceptforthingslikevisualperception.Weacceptthatyoulookaroundtheworldandyougetsensationsandyoufigureoutthereisacar,thereisatree,thereisaperson.Andyou'

rejustunconsciousofhowthishappensbutit'

sunpleasantandkindoffrighteningthatthiscouldhappen,thatthiscouldapplytothingslikewhyyou'

renowstudyingatYale,whyyoufeelthewayyoudotowardsyourfriends,towardsyourfamily.

Now,themarriagecaseisextremebutFreudgivesalotofsimplerexampleswherethissortofunconsciousmotivationmightplayarole.So,haveyoueverlikedsomebodyordislikedthemandnotknownwhy?

Haveyoueverfoundyourselfinasituationwhereyou'

redoingsomethingoryou'

rearguingforsomethingormakingadecisionforreasonsthatyoucan'

tfullyarticulate?

Haveyoueverforgottensomebody'

snameatexactlythewrongtime?

Haveyouevercalledoutthewrongnameinthethroesofpassion?

ThisisalltheFreudianunconscious.Theideaisthatwedothesethings--thesethingsareexplainedintermsofcognitivesystemsthatwe'

renotawareof.

Now,allofthiswouldbefineifyourunconsciouswasareasonable,rationalcomputer,ifyourunconsciouswasreallysmartandlookingoutforyourbestinterest.But,accordingtoFreud,that'

snotthewayitworks.AccordingtoFreud,therearethreedistinctprocessesgoingoninyourheadandtheseareinviolentinternalconflict.Andthewayyouactandthewayyouthinkareproducts,notofasingularrationalbeing,butofasetofconflictingcreatures.Andthesethreepartsaretheid,theego,andthesuperegoandtheyemergedevelopmentally.

Theid,accordingtoFreud,ispresentatbirth.It'

stheanimalpartoftheself.Itwantstoeat,drink,pee,poop,getwarm,andhavesexualsatisfaction.Itisoutrageouslystupid.ItworksonwhatFreudcalled,"

ThePleasurePrinciple."

Itwantspleasureanditwantsitnow.Andthat'

s,accordingtoFreud,howahumanbegins鈥�pureid.Freudhadthiswonderfulphrase,"

polymorphousperversity,"

thispuredesireforpleasure.

Now,unfortunately,lifedoesn'

tworklikethat.Whatyouwantisn'

talwayswhatyougetandthisleadstoasetofreactionstocopewiththefactthatpleasureisn'

talwaystherewhenyouwantiteitherbyplanninghowtosatisfyyourdesiresorplanninghowtosuppressthem.Andthissystemisknownastheego,ortheself.Anditworksonthe"

RealityPrinciple."

Anditworksontheprincipleoftryingtofigureouthowtomakeyourwaythroughtheworld,howtosatisfyyourpleasuresor,insomecases,howtogiveuponthem.Andtheego鈥�theemergenceoftheegoforFreud--symbolizestheo